Race and Capital Punishment in the US an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Race and Capital Punishment in the US The death penalty is a definitive and harshest punishment courts actualize for keeps an eye on appalling violations that has kept on bringing varying perspectives up in the humanized American culture. Bedau maintains in the American Civil Liberties Union that capital punishment characteristically disregards the established boycott against barbarous and abnormal discipline and the assurance of due and the equivalent security of the laws. This thought depends on the reason that the state ought not usurp the intensity of taking human life particularly in a planned manner and service. Need exposition test on Race and Capital Punishment in the US subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Understudies Usually Tell EssayLab authors: What amount do I need to pay somebody to make my paper now? Paper authors prompt: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic Essay Article Writing Help Company Professional Writer For Hire Write a Paper Online Best Essay Writing Service In spite of winning issues against capital punishment, the courts have kept up its legality as an impediment factor to the commission of a wrongdoing started on keeps an eye on regular dread of death. Expert life advocates additionally demand that capital punishment has been applied arbitrarily, best case scenario and unfairly even from a pessimistic standpoint upon crooks whose casualties were white and on shaded guilty parties (van lair Haag). With 38 states and the central government approving the death penalty, the death penalty challenges most fundamental thought of reasonableness and value in criminal condemning as per Free(2003:177). In the burden of the death penalty, the general population is left with the inquiry whether the recognition is applied in a way without critical racial differences in the middle. The American Justice System along these lines faces the ethical inquiry on the execution of capital punishment and the persistent history of racial separation. Americans can't deny the way that starting at 12 April 2007; just 364 blacks have been executed contrasted with 609 white respondents in the midst of hypotheses that a predisposition exists (NAACP, 2007). African Americans are not so much excessively spoke to among individuals sentenced to death in the USA in general. As of January 2007, the death row detainee populace comprises of 41.7% blacks and 45.4% whites while 13% is owed to Hispanic and other minority races (NAACP records). A uniqueness may exist among capital punishments by state with Philadelphia having 137 blacks contrasted with just 68 whites waiting for capital punishment. Moreover in Texas of the 393 prisoners waiting for capital punishment, 161 blacks are anticipating execution while just 121 are whites. The race of the respondent should impact the condemning however evidently in Philadelphia, it does. In the pith of equity, this paper means to give a knowledge to criminal equity experts a superior comprehension on the individuals they work with. The hypothesis of African Americans getting a harsher sentence when the casualty is white can be tried rather effectively utilizing the national insights. A relative outcome can be gathered on the proportion of forced capital disciplines on African American manslaughter respondents whose casualties were white individual against the proportion of African American murder litigants whose casualties were dark. Further, this paper will analyze the components that conceivably advance the duration of racial separation in capital condemning. The race of the casualty is additionally a significant factor in deciding if in the usage of capital punishment, racial separation exists. Despite the fact that this is totally an auxiliary indicator for cases that bring about a capital punishment, the elements of the unbalanced minority will be inspected to give an elective point of view in looking at the centrality of the race of the casualty in American culture and criminal equity reactions to wrongdoing. NAACP records uncover that among the quantity of casualties where an execution has happened since the reclamation of capital punishment, 1269 casualties were white while 225 casualties are dark. In view of criminal chronicles carried out under comparable conditions, a litigant is bound to get the punishment of death if his casualties is white than if his casualty has a place with a minority race. In most truly directed investigations, the respondent was four or multiple times as liable to get capital punishment if the casualty was white than if the casualty was African American (Henderson, 2000:19) This basic assessment talks about the underestimation of African Americans in the criminal equity framework that requires an assessment at racial profiling and portrayal of African Americans in detest wrongdoing exploitation. This examination along these lines intends to talk about the oppressive treatment of the dark Americans and break down the conceivable ameliorative answers for treat the current racial irregularity on the criminal equity all in all. In the burden of capital punishment as the death penalty, Henderson given that the proof regularly uncovers the application that are legitimately embraced by the state examiners (2000, 17). People accused of slaughtering white casualties are probably going to get capital punishment that at any rate 82% of the burdens are submitted on a white casualty (GAO, 1990:5). Henderson additionally included that the race of the litigant when joined with the race of the casualty yields a huge uniqueness in the utilization of capital punishment (2000:17). This is upheld by an investigation led by Baldus, Woodworth, Zuckerman, Weiner and Broffitt (1998) which additionally uncovered that there is a malevolent example of racial separation in Philadelphia the death penalty cases dependent on the race of the litigant and on the race of the person in question. Blacks who kill whites are condemned to death a few times more than blacks who kills blacks and dark litigants will probably get the capital dis ciplines when their casualties are white as most examinations uncover (Henderson, 2000:18). In spite of information supporting that the capital punishments has been forced and conveyed excessively among the dark litigants and the poor disagreeable gatherings, government legal counselors keep on demanding that racial segregation in the death penalty doesn't exist. Race greatly affects an examiners choice to ask capital punishment that GAO additionally uncovered in 1990 when the head prosecutors office in PA utilized a preparation video to show investigators how to keep Black members of the jury off jury administration. In 1994, Congress additionally dismissed the Racial Injustice Act that would have managed the sentenced detainee the option to challenge their capital punishment as racially propelled upon the nudging of state and government examiners (Free, 2003: 178). The use of the death penalty is racially persuaded that begins at the watchfulness of the investigators and mirrors the position of the American government against race-lack of bias. The reasons why racial segregation persevere in capital condemning There are 38 states and the government embracing the death penalty and awards prosecutorial tact for any purposeful homicide submitted. The choices are guided by lawful components as indicated by Henderson (2000:17) contingent upon the seriousness of the wrongdoing and investigators choosing when to look for death. In California for instance, examiners have 600-800 cases to browse every year to underwrite capital punishments. Alongside the jury, they have an extraordinary watchfulness in concocting their current 660 death row detainee oppression (NAACP, January 2007). Baldus, et al repudiated that Californias records incorporate the mid-run wrongdoings, not really the most appalling yet not the least shocking too where racial abberations exists. Advice in like manner assume a deciding job in capital condemning. Their inadequate guard and portrayal for their customer on account of capital litigants gloat of their carelessness to guarantee merits and in like manner deny the death penalty. The legitimate framework will most likely be unable to pinpoint the inadequate help of the insight for the respondent on the grounds that the Supreme Court has not set out a standard measure for evidence along these lines making it incredibly hard to show that barrier is insufficient. In Gates v. Zant, death row prisoner Johnny Lee doors gave how an incapable advice shows the issue. With an all-white jury, Gates, a dark American was blamed for slaughtering and assaulting a white lady. His safeguard legal counselor neglected to protest an all-white jury during the choice procedure; neglected to introduce alleviating proof like the litigants devastated youth which could have been noted as a mental insufficiency to work and act in a way run of the mill of an ordinary kid. In spite of the fact that the legal counselor was not seen as ineffectual, the government court was banned from testing the Eleventh Circuits choice that his case stunk of unlawful racial segregation. Juries and scene can likewise prompt racial differences in capital condemning. Frequently examiners pick scenes principally in a focal city that bring about an all-white jury. Issues additionally emerge when hearers after addressing would give out politically right reactions in bunch settings that they would never force capital punishment yet after sequestration would frequently uncover prejudice and pick capital punishment after a capital conviction. A specific line of addressing before the blame or honesty period of the preliminary likewise prompts the avoidance of African Americans in light of the fact that a higher level of African Americans contradict capital punishment contrasted with the overall population. Hardly any members of the jury are avoided for being consequently star capital punishment in this manner introducing a lower extent of African Americans in jury administration interest in numerous capital cases. The capital litigants destiny is additionally because of an oc casionally racially segregating jury even with at any rate one African American among them. One single logical inconsistency dur

Frederick Douglass free essay sample

Douglass starts his discourse by tending to Mr.. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens. Here, he is likely tending to the leader of the Anti-Slavery Society not the leader of the United States. It is imperative that Douglass sees himself as a resident, an equivalent to the onlookers in participation. All through this discourse, just as his life, Douglass upheld equivalent equity and rights, just as citizenship, for blacks. He starts his discourse by humbly saying 'sorry' for being apprehensive before the group and perceives that he has made some amazing progress since his departure from slavery.He tells the crowd that they have accumulated to commend the Fourth of July, however he advises them that the country is youthful, and, similar to a little youngster, it is as yet naive and equipped for positive change. He addresses the historical backdrop of the American Revolutionaries battle for opportunity against their lawful servitude under British principle. He was an abolitionist, a speaker, and editorial manager of the North Star (later renamed Frederick Douglass Paper).

The Basics of Cognition and Mental Processes

The Basics of Cognition and Mental Processes Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Basics of Cognition and Mental Processes By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 21, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 21, 2019 RubberBall Productions / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Transforming Information Reducing Input Elaborating Storing and Recovering Using Information View All Back To Top Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving.?? These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning. A Brief History of the Study of Cognition The study of how we think dates back to the time of the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Platos approach to the study of the mind suggested that people understand the world by first identifying basic principles buried deep inside themselves and then using rational thought to create knowledge. This viewpoint was later advocated by philosophers such as Rene Descartes and linguist Noam Chomsky. This approach to cognition is often referred to as rationalism.?? Aristotle, on the other hand, believed that people acquire their knowledge through their observations of the world around them. Later thinkers including John Locke and B.F. Skinner also advocated this point of view, which is often referred to as empiricism.?? During the earliest days of psychology and for the first half of the twentieth century, psychology was largely dominated by psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism. Eventually, a formal field of study devoted solely to the study of cognition emerged as part of the “cognitive revolution” of the 1960s. The field of psychology concerned with the study of cognition is known as cognitive psychology.?? One of the earliest definitions of cognition was presented in the first textbook on cognitive psychology published in 1967. According to Neisser, cognition is those processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.?? To get a better idea of exactly what cognition is and what cognitive psychologists study, let’s take a closer look at Neisser’s original definition. Transforming Sensory Input As you take in sensations from the world around you, the information that you see, hear, taste, tough, and smell must first be transformed into signals that your brain can understand. The perceptual process allows you to take in sensory information and convert it into a signal that your brain can understand and act upon.?? For example, if you see an object flying through the air toward you, the information is taken in by your eyes and transferred as a neural signal to your brain. Your brain then sends out signals to your muscle groups so that you are able to respond and duck out of the way before the object smacks you in the head. Reducing Sensory Information The world is full of an endless amount of sensory experiences. To make meaning out of all this incoming information, it is important for your brain to be able to reduce your experience of the world down to the fundamentals. You cannot attend to or remember every single sentence of the psychology lecture you attend each week. Instead, the experience of the event is reduced down to the critical concepts and ideas that you need to remember to succeed in your class. Instead of remembering every detail about what the professor wore each day, where you sat during each class session and how many students were in the class, you focus your attention and memory on the key ideas presented during each lecture.?? Elaborating Information In addition to reducing information to make it more memorable and understandable, people also elaborate on these memories as they reconstruct them. Imagine that you are telling a friend about a funny event that happened last week. As you weave your tale, you might actually start adding in details that were not part of the original memory. This might also happen as you are trying to recall items on your shopping list. You may find that you add a number of items that seem like they belong on your list due to their similarity with other items you wanted to buy. In some cases, this elaboration happens when people are struggling to remember something. When the information cannot be recalled, the brain sometimes fills in the missing data with whatever seems to fit.?? Storing and Recovering Information Memory is a major topic of interest in the field of cognitive psychology. How we remember, what we remember and what we forget reveal a great deal about how the cognitive processes operate. While people often think of memory as being much like a video camera, carefully recording and cataloging life events and storing them away for later recall, research has found that memory is much more complex. Short-term memory is surprisingly brief, typically lasting just 20 to 30 seconds.?? Long-term memory can be surprisingly stable and enduring, on the other hand, with memories lasting years and even decades.?? Memory can also be surprisingly fragile and fallible. Sometimes we forget, and other times we are subject to misinformation effects that can even lead to the formation of false memories.?? Using Information Cognition involves not only the things that go on inside our heads but also how these thoughts and mental processes influence our actions.??? Our attention to the world around us, memories of past events, understanding of language, judgments about how the world works, and abilities to solve problems all contribute to how we behave and interact with our surrounding environment.

Businesses and The Internet - 1357 Words

In today’s digital age, most all brick and mortar stores have migrated to the Internet to expand their business globally. This migration has come with many sacrifices, lessons learned, and challenges along the way. However, the businesses that demonstrated determination and a willingness to overcome the challenges that they were faced with, have ultimately succeeded in expanding their clientele. One example of the type of company that can be found online is an electronic retailer, or a cybermall type of a site. Electronic retailing, also known as e-tailing, is the direct sale from business to consumer through electronic storefronts. These e-tailing sites are typically designed around and electronic catalog and shopping cart model.†¦show more content†¦Good examples of an application that delivers these key elements of commerce are: Amazon, E-Bay with the additional PayPal application, and NewEgg. Each of these examples provide secure transactions and a clearly d efined window of when and how a customer will receive the merchandise. Dealing with Consumer Privacy Concerns â€Å"Consumer privacy is a public policy issue that has received substantial attention over the last thirty years† (Caudill Murphy, 2000). The privacy of customer data is paramount in this digital age, as most of our personal life data, in one way shape or form, is in an electronic format. With consumers’ personal information online, the fear is that they might become a victim of identity theft. â€Å"Identity theft is an unauthorized person using your personally identifying information to commit fraud or other crimes† (Stair Reynolds, 2012). It usually occurs when someone acquires and uses your Personal Identifying Information (PII), like your name and Social Security number, to open fraudulent credit accounts. Other than PII being stolen and used for nefarious activities, the other risky element is tracking a person’s activities while shopping online. Tracking a person’s activities is not a new concept, in fact, it is the â€Å"most comm on method by using clickstream data† (Farraro, 1998); it is a way to conduct targeted marketing. It is recommended that e-commerce companiesShow MoreRelatedUsing Internet As A Marketing Tool Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesMany businesses are currently using various online platforms to promote and marketing their products. With the advancement of technology and increased access of the internet by people, the business have taken the opportunity to reach their potential customers through the internet. There are various advantages that accrue to a business entity that uses internet as a marketing tool. The internet marketing has tremendously increased and the businesses that have not embraced internet marketing are missingRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet906 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The most important networking facility available to organization is the Internet.†(Stalling and Cass, 2013) Yes, the internet is more important than before. Businesses cannot run efficiently without the Internet. In this paper, I will focus on two parts of discussion regarding the small business and Internet: the evolution of the internet and the advantages of the Internet for small businesses. The evolution of the Internet has happened very rapidly since 1990s. Actually, it comes with the evolutionRead MoreInternet Promotion - Advantages and Disadvantages1127 Words   |  5 Pagescross-border transactions have put many small businesses under pressure to find innovative ways to continue to market their products and services. This is especially difficult given that they often operate on tight marketing budgets. In the quest for cheap marketing alternatives, these small businesses continue to use conventional marketing tools such as newspaper, magazine, radio and television advertisements, unaware of the advantages that Internet Promotion offers. All too often, these entrepreneursRead More Internet Advertising Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages Internet Advertising Internet Advertising is the way of the future and it is very evident since many companies and businesses have their own web sites and advertisements are located all over the World Wide Web. The Internet or World Wide Web is quickly becoming the most effective way for a business to advertise their products or services to customers. Web sites such as search engines or small sites that sell advertisement space for sponsoring are profiting highly from the increase of advertisingRead MoreInternet Promotion : Advantages And Disadvantages Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesInternet Promotion - Advantages and Disadvantages By Carla Lendor | Submitted On July 23, 2005 Recommend Article Article Comments 3 Print Article Share this article on Facebook 9 Share this article on Twitter 6 Share this article on Google+ 2 Share this article on Linkedin 2 Share this article on StumbleUpon 3 Share this article on Delicious 2 Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit 1 Share this article on Pinterest 1 The emergence of globalise trade, increase in foreignRead MoreThe Role of Internet in Marketing1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of internet in marketing In this task I will be discussing a very important subject of today’s world of business which is internet marketing. To start off my task, I am going to give a general idea of history of the internet, general functions it can perform and how the internet has generally changed the society in many different ways and aspects. The history of establishing the internet originally goes back to 1950s and that’s when it first came on the scene, no one ever thought of theRead MoreThe Internet And Marketing1163 Words   |  5 PagesLloyd asserts that Internet has made it easier for businesses to reach their target customers and even provide details on the workings of their products as well as services. By setting up a website, a business do not have to worry about set up billboards all over the place or on every TV channel which are geographically restricted because from here any customer from any part of the world can obtain information about its products. According to Lloyd, based on a study carried out in 2014 up to 81%Read MoreA Report Advising Isherwood s Car Company1500 Words   |  6 Pageschange future businesses over the next five years. This report included information of future technology and the impact of businesses in the next five years. Future technologies and the impact on the business Future Technology In the future, advances technology will change everyday life and businesses beyond recognition. Looking ahead to the next 5 or 10 years, there’s no question technology will continue to dramatically alter our basic understanding of how to conduct businesses, our daily lifeRead MoreWhat Is The Globalization Of The Internet In New Zealand?1607 Words   |  7 Pages3. Social In 2014, the population of New Zealand was around 4.5 million, with approximately 4 million internet users (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). Even though with such a small population, it might be a challenge to get a large number of customers, it is also an opportunity for New Zealand to establish and develop online markets since it can reach most of the population. Therefore, the website creators are able to perfect the quality of their service and get ready to expand their businessRead MoreInternet Marketing - Pass 5 Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Marketing in Business; Introduction; The internet has become a key factor in the success of a lot of businesses in recent years. In the following assignment I am going to explain how internet marketing has made Tesco’s business more efficient, effective and successful. Efficient; Definition; Efficiency is the comparison of what is actually produced or performed by the business with what can actually be achieved with the same consumption of resources (money, time, labour, etc.).

Analysis Of Sonny s Blue By James Baldwin Essay - 1004 Words

â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin is a story about two brothers who grew up in poverty. One brother went on to become a teacher, while the other pursued his dreams to become a musician and finds himself in prison due to drug use. The story begins with the narrator finding out about Sonny’s arrest. It’s easy to see his shock and almost disbelief. It takes the narrator a while to write to Sonny, but eventually he does, and they regain communication with one another after over a year of silence. Sonny is released from prison and goes to stay with the narrator and his family. He is staying clean, and he continues to pursue his dreams of making music. The narrator also finally sees that Sonny is very talented and that music really was his calling. The two brothers are very different, though they grew up in the same setting. They have different ways of escaping Harlem, they have different aspirations and goals, and they have different personalities and views on life. From the beginning of the story, it is clear that the brothers have different views of Harlem and how to become successful. The oldest of the two, the narrator, who remains unnamed, became successful after returning from war and became a teacher. He wed and had a family. Sonny, the younger brother, was successful in a sense because he got out of Harlem, but at the same sense, he fell into drug use and wound up in prison, trapped behind bars. The narrator sees the drug use and the poverty in Harlem, but he chooses toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 916 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† tells the tale of two African-American brothers trying to survive in 1950s America. Both struggle with darkness in their lives, from drugs to bottling up emotions. The following sources were found Literature Research Center’s website. Each of the four sources will be evaluated for the quality of their information, as w ell as their usefulness on the topic of darkness in â€Å" â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Flibbert, Joseph. Sonny s Blues: Overview. Reference Guide to ShortRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 933 Words   |  4 Pagesstory. Blues is a genre of music that is often used to express a sad mood. The contradictory lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and take risks. In this story, James Baldwin writes about two brothers who were raised together. As time passed, they separated from one another and lived completely different lives. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin addresses the themes of finding comfort in music, dangers of addiction and the suffering of two brothers. First, Baldwin uses theRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1578 Words   |  7 PagesJames Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† was a great tale of the struggles shared between two brothers in Harlem in 1957. This story is about two African American brothers who, unfortunately, grew apart as the aged. The plot shows the struggles the two brothers faced as they grew up in Harlem, and in return, the two drastically different paths they perused. James Baldwin was an African American who grew up in Harlem in the 1930s and 40s. Baldwin was the oldest of nine children, and grew upRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Har lem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Sonny s Blue `` By James Baldwin1474 Words   |  6 Pages Music can be the lead to freedom from darkness. The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin takes places in Harlem around the 1950’s. The story is about two brothers. One of the brothers is the narrator of the story whose name is unknown. The narrator tells the story of the struggles in Harlem but mainly the struggles of his brother with drugs, and his passion for jazz music. Through out the story the narrator avoids giving a sense of his own struggles with himself. However, in the end the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny Blues 1753 Words   |  8 Pagesiniquity, gloom, or without light. In the short novel Sonny Blues by James Baldwin, the word â€Å"darkness† appeared frequently throughout the reading. I think the significan ce of darkness of this particular situation of this book that Baldwin is trying to present is fear and suffering. It shows how the characters are in the state of panic and fear, of the situation they are in and all the sufferings they have to go through. Connecting the Baldwin to the novel, Harlem; where the story takes place isRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand dark ultimately guides Sonny and the narrator in their journey to overcome their internal struggles. In the short story Sonny’s Blues, James Baldwin uses darkness and light to show struggles and, transformation as both brothers teeter between the different shades of the blues, using music as a way to bring them both to redemption. Often times, when light is used in stories, readers can very easily relate the idea to happiness and following the right path. Baldwin uses light to illustrate whatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a characterRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1292 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin was raised in poverty in Harlem where, at the age of fourteen, he became a preacher in the Fireside Pentecostal Church. After high school he decided to become a writer and with the help of the black American expatriate writer Richard Wright, won a grant that enabled him to move to Paris, where he lived most of his remaining years. He wrote a variety of novels mostly about the intellectual trials of black men in a white, racist society and homosexual themes. James Baldwin wrote â€Å"Sonny’s

Importance of a Team Charter Free Essays

Similar to developing a solid foundation when building a home, the team charter is the foundation for building a strong team. The team charter acts as a contract between the members of a team communicating contact information and establishing the ground rules and guidelines for the team. â€Å"Chartering is the process by which the team is formed, its mission or task described, its resources allocated, its goals set, its membership committed, and its plans made† (University of Phoenix, 2011, para. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of a Team Charter or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). The implementation of a team charter will improve the performance of the group because it clearly defines the expectations of the team, permits agreement regarding communication and participation as well as provides the basis for conflict management. The implementation of a team charter will improve the performance of the group because it will help to eliminate conflicts before they arise. By identifying the likely kinds of issues that might bring team members into conflict and agreeing beforehand how to deal constructively with those conflicts, team members will help to ensure the optimum functioning of the team† (University of Phoenix, 2002, para. 8). An area of conflict that tends to arise often is a team member feeling as if he or she is doing all of the work. It is best to try to avoid this by the agreement that has been reached collectively in the team charter. Each individual has contributed to the formulation of the charter and in doing so, has agreed to abide by its guidelines. This should bring about a sense of duty and responsibility to each member to contribute equally to the team. The charter will allow the team to come to an agreement regarding communication, participation, and the consequences for non-participation. This will provide the basis for establishing trust within the members of the group. Each individual in the group has his or her own level of trust that he or she is capable of giving. This will influence how much they are willing to share and give of themselves. It is important that the members respect the privacy and boundaries of the other members, especially if they are less trusting. The same is true of listening skills. One must accept that some individuals are more outspoken than others and may not be as advanced in their listening skills. Others have honed these skills well and will pick up on the smallest nuances. The most important reason the implementation of a team charter will improve the performance of the group is that it clearly defines the expectations of the team so that each member is clear of his or her responsibilities. It is imperative that each member is aware of the objectives of the team and what he or she is trying to accomplish. Each member must know what his or her individual contributions to that goal is and understand that it is the expectation of the team that he or she will complete his or her portion in a timely manner. Although some may say that developing a charter is an unnecessary step that requires too much time, the benefits of forming a charter are well worth the time invested. A charter is the foundation by which the team will collaborate to accomplish their goals. In conclusion, although some believe that the charter is not a useful tool and is not worth the time investment, the implementation of a team charter will improve the performance of the group for two main reasons. First, it will allow the team to come to an agreement regarding communication, participation, and consequences for non-participation. Second, and more important, the team charter clearly defines the expectations of the team so that each member is clear of his or her responsibilities. Just as a person would never think of driving cross country without first checking the oil in his or her car, one should never initiate a group without first developing a team charter. The most successful and productive teams always start with the foundation of a well developed team charter. How to cite Importance of a Team Charter, Essay examples

Tissues free essay sample

Epithelial tissue protects your body from moisture loss, bacteria, and internal injury. There are two kinds of epithelial tissues: Covering and lining epithelium covers or lines almost all of your internal and external body surfaces; for example, the outermost layer of your skin and other organs, and the internal surface lining of your lymph vessels and digestive tract. Glandular epithelium secretes hormones or other products such as stomach acid, sweat, saliva, and milk. Connective tissue generally provides structure and support to the body. There are two types of connective tissue: Loose connective tissue holds structures together. For example, loose connective tissue holds the outer layer of skin to the underlying muscle tissue. This tissue is also found in your fat layers, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. Fibrous connective tissue also holds body parts together, but its structure is a bit more rigid than loose connective tissue. Fibrous connective tissue is found in ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and bone. We will write a custom essay sample on Tissues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nervous tissue forms the nervous system, which is responsible for oordinating the activities and movements of your body through its network of nerves. Parts of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that branch off of those two key parts. Nervous tissue consists of two kinds of nerve cells: Neurons are the basic structural unit of the nervous system. Each cell consists of the cell body, dendrites, and axon. Neuroglia, or glial cells, provide support functions for the neurons, such as insulation or anchoring neurons to blood vessels. Muscle tissue iffers from other tissue types in that it contracts. Muscle tissue comes in three types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Those muscle tissues are made up of muscle fibers. The muscle fibers contain many myofibrils, which are the parts of the fiber that actually contract. There are three kinds of muscle tissues: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and causes movements of the body. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. Smooth muscle lines the walls of blood vessels and certain organs such as the digestive and urogenital tracts.

Free Essays on CAPITALISM IS THE IDEL SOCIL SYSTEM

From the 1400’s to the 1700’s, the major European trading nations used an economic system known as mercantilism. Under this system, governments made sure to manage their economic situation so that the amount of exports exceeded the amount of imports. They placed high tariffs (taxes) on imported goods so that they would cost more at home, and gave financial aid to local farms and industries so they could lower the prices of their exports. Nations made themselves rich by selling more goods than they bought. During the mid-1700’s, a group of French economists also known as physiocrats urged the government to stop making foreign trade its business. Their policy, called laissez faire ( a French phrase that meant allow to do.) demanded an end to the high tariffs and other trade restrictions. With the help of Adam Smith capitalism soon spread to other large trading countries. Smith’s book The Wealth Of Nations (1776) gave the basic argument for capitalism. In the book it was said that a government should not interfere with a nation’s economy but instead should let individuals act as â€Å"free agents† who look out for their own interests. These â€Å"free agents† Smith said would naturally bring a greater good to society â€Å"as if guided by an invisible hand.† The early growth of capitalism was based on the use of privately owned property to make money. The growth of markets encouraged men to invest capital- (goods or money devoted to making goods or money.) capitalists made two new systems of manufacturing. In one of them a capitalist would employ a large amount of journey men and helpers in his workshop for money. This helped make large workshops so, the work was divided, men no longer had to carry out manufacturing on their own like in the old system. The capitalist boss p... Free Essays on CAPITALISM IS THE IDEL SOCIL SYSTEM Free Essays on CAPITALISM IS THE IDEL SOCIL SYSTEM From the 1400’s to the 1700’s, the major European trading nations used an economic system known as mercantilism. Under this system, governments made sure to manage their economic situation so that the amount of exports exceeded the amount of imports. They placed high tariffs (taxes) on imported goods so that they would cost more at home, and gave financial aid to local farms and industries so they could lower the prices of their exports. Nations made themselves rich by selling more goods than they bought. During the mid-1700’s, a group of French economists also known as physiocrats urged the government to stop making foreign trade its business. Their policy, called laissez faire ( a French phrase that meant allow to do.) demanded an end to the high tariffs and other trade restrictions. With the help of Adam Smith capitalism soon spread to other large trading countries. Smith’s book The Wealth Of Nations (1776) gave the basic argument for capitalism. In the book it was said that a government should not interfere with a nation’s economy but instead should let individuals act as â€Å"free agents† who look out for their own interests. These â€Å"free agents† Smith said would naturally bring a greater good to society â€Å"as if guided by an invisible hand.† The early growth of capitalism was based on the use of privately owned property to make money. The growth of markets encouraged men to invest capital- (goods or money devoted to making goods or money.) capitalists made two new systems of manufacturing. In one of them a capitalist would employ a large amount of journey men and helpers in his workshop for money. This helped make large workshops so, the work was divided, men no longer had to carry out manufacturing on their own like in the old system. The capitalist boss p...

Information and Geography of United Arab Emirates

Information and Geography of United Arab Emirates Population: 4,975,593 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: Abu DhabiBordering Countries: Oman and Saudi ArabiaArea: 32,278 square miles (83,600 sq km)Coastline: 819 miles (1,318 km)Highest Point: Jabal Yibir at 5,010 feet (1,527 m)United Arab Emirates is a country located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It has coastlines along the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf and it shares borders with Saudi Arabia and Oman. It is also located near the country of Qatar. United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation that was originally formed in 1971. The country is known as being one of the wealthiest and most developed in western Asia. Formation of United Arab Emirates According to the United States Department of State, UAE was originally formed by a group of organized sheikhdoms that lived on the Arabian Peninsula along the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. These sheikdoms were known to have constantly been in dispute with one another and as a result, constant raids on ships the area was called the Pirate Coast by traders in the 17th and early 19th centuries.In 1820, a peace treaty was signed by the areas sheikhs in order to protect shipping interests along the coast. Raiding of ships continued until 1835 however, and in 1853 a treaty was signed between the sheikhs (Trucial Sheikhdoms) and the United Kingdom which established a perpetual maritime truce (US Department of State). In 1892 the U.K. and the Trucial Sheikhdoms signed another treaty that forged a closer relationship between Europe and the present-day UAE region. In the treaty, the Trucial Sheikhdoms agreed not to give away any of their land unless it went to the U.K. and i t established that the sheikhs would not begin new relationships with other foreign nations without first discussing it with the U.K. The U.K. then promised to provide military support to the sheikhdoms if needed.Throughout the mid 20th-century, there were several border disputes between the UAE and neighboring countries. In addition in 1968, the U.K. decided to end the treaty with the Trucial Sheikhdoms. As a result, the Trucial Sheikhdoms, along with Bahrain and Qatar (which were also being protected by the U.K.), tried to form a union. However they were unable to agree with each other so in the summer of 1971, Bahrain and Qatar became independent nations. On December 1 of the same year, the Trucial Sheikhdoms became independent when the treaty with the U.K. expired. On December 2, 1971, six of the former Trucial Sheikhdoms formed the United Arab Emirates. In 1972, Ras al-Khaimah became the seventh to join. Government of United Arab Emirates Today the UAE is considered a federation of seven emirates. The country has a federal president and prime minister which makes up its executive branch but each emirate also has a separate ruler (called an emir) who controls the local government. The UAEs legislative branch is made up of a unicameral Federal National Council and its judicial branch is made up of the Union Supreme Court. The seven emirates of the UAE are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al Qaywayn. Economics and Land Use in United Arab Emirates The UAE is considered one of the wealthiest nations in the world and it has a high per capita income. Its economy is based on oil but recently the government has begun programs to diversify its economy. Today the main industries of UAE are petroleum and petrochemicals, fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, commercial ship repair, construction materials, boat building, handicrafts, and textiles. Agriculture is also important to the country and the main products produced are dates, various vegetables, watermelon, poultry, eggs, dairy products,  and fish. Tourism and the related services are also a large part of UAEs economy. Geography and Climate of United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates is considered a part of the Middle East and it is located on the Arabian Peninsula. It has a varied topography and in its eastern portions but much of the rest of the country consists of flat lands, sand dunes,  and large desert areas. In the east there are mountains and UAEs highest point, Jabal Yibir at 5,010 feet (1,527 m), is located here.The climate of UAE is desert, although it is cooler in the eastern areas at higher elevations. As a desert, UAE is hot and dry year round. The countrys capital, Abu Dhabi, has an average January low temperature of 54ËšF (12.2ËšC) and an average August high temperature of 102Ëš (39ËšC). Dubai is slightly hotter in the summer with an average August high temperature of 106ËšF (41ËšC). More Facts About United Arab Emirates UAEs official language is Arabic but English, Hindi, Urdu,  and Bengali are also spoken 96% of the population of UAE are Muslim while a small percentage is Hindu or Christian UAEs literacy rate is 90% Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. CIA - The World Factbook - United Arab Emirates. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). United Arab Emirates: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0108074.htmlUnited States Department of State. United Arab Emirates. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5444.htmWikipedia.com. United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates

Checkout paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Checkout paper - Essay Example In the arrangement she does all the chores around the house which makes her fill feel as she owns a daughter. My client is a full time student which limits the time she has to attend to the requirements of her roommate. She also has no time whatsoever to rest on her free time as the responsibility makes her perform poorly in her studies. She wraps up the interview by pointing out that she is angry and cannot continue with the arrangement. . In addition, considering the type of problem she was undergoing it was appropriate for them to fell more embraced rather than queried. I first used clarification at the start of my interview. The client described her problems to me: †³ living with my roommate makes me feel like mum which I do not appreciate †³. The client mentioned she had problems with her roommate. To get a more clear response, I asked her what type of problem (Edgar & Geare 34)†¦ What do you mean by problem...? From this question, the client was provided with an opportunity to provide a narration of the problem she had with her roommate. In summarizing the verbal interview, I asked her if the current situation and all she experienced made her unhappy. I also paraphrased her words to get a more clear response†¦ you think all the work makes you unhappy†¦ I inquired if she considered that her roommate was unfair to her after she mentioned it in her story. By paraphrasing the client was able to summarize in a sentence the general mood of the situation with her roommate. I was also able to make her reflect on the real situation†¦ are you nervous while doing the work†¦ I asked her if she felt nervous while she was doing house work. The response was made through an honest feeling. By describing her feeling she was able to enlighten me on whether or not she was comfortable with the arrangement or not. During the interview the body language was very significant. For this reason, I posed as relaxed and open as I

Demonstrate how to show not tell the action Assignment

Demonstrate how to show not tell the action - Assignment Example The troops trudge towards the opposite end of the terminal. Their walk is characteristics of the surprise appreciation at this morning hour. Everyone is now afoot. A handshake offered, with an accompanying smile. The looks tell of pride and gratitude in this ecstatic moment of appreciation. As they walk down the momentary alley, feelings are kinetic. The memories of the previous onslaught thaws by the warmth of this moment. As majestic as they may seem, the chill is infectious. A heroic aura blended with a show of homecoming is all a troop can experience. The magnetic moment is impetuous and the child looks on, savoring the enigma of the moment. She cannot quite comprehend the unspoken elements held so closely by the moment. As the proceeding fades down the terminal, the lingering telltale of gratitude is characteristic of both parties. The general looks back at the unfamiliar faces made fleetingly clear by the momentary bond of appreciation. For a moment, the feeling of service to t he country stands worth the take. It is the Budweiser moment of

Representations of media in film

Representations of media in film Question 2: Compare and Contrast the Approaches to the Representations of the two different Media in Almost Famous (2000) and Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004). Word count: 2305 Almost Famous is a 1998 American film directed by Cameron Crowe, it tells the story of the 1970s American hard rock band Stillwater struggling in the harsh face of stardom from the perspective of a Rolling Stone Magazine journalist William Miller (Patrick Fugit). Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy is a 2004 American parody film directed by Adam McKay, it tells the story of how Ron Burgundy (Will Ferrell), a famous television news anchor in San Diego, descends from fame and later comeback. I choose these two films as both protagonists William Miller and Ron Burgundy are from San Diego and these two different stories happened in the same period of time – mid 1970s. They both portray the media effects on audiences and their reaction to these audiences. In Almost Famous, audiences are portrayed as active to the music industry and have a good knowledge of the entertainment business. In contrast, audiences in Anchorman are presumed as passive receivers of TV news information rig ht at the beginning. It lacks serious critics of events. Females are presented considerably in both films as important but a menace to the male characters. Almost Famous treats women less seriously but females are free to do what they like. On the contrary, female characters in Anchorman are constantly under male power and cannot do what they want but they are treated more justly as a practitioner within the industry. Both films shed light upon the gender inequality in a serious tone. I am going to use theories of ‘reflexivity’ to examine how audiences are portrayed respectively in two different types of media. I will also use the theories of ‘self-reflexivity’ to compare the difference between two industries in terms of the production and competition. I will use ‘intertextuality’ to discuss the genres of two films. Reflexivity, argued by Rosenberg (1990. p3), refers to the process of an entity acting back upon itself. Almost Famous and Anchorman both reflected the media effects on audiences. Almost Famous started its story in the house of the Millers. The first actual audience mentioned in the film is William Miller’s sister Anita Miller (Zooey Deschanel) who is a real fan of rock n’ roll music. She is an inner-directed person and regards rock n’ roll music as an integral part of her life and her future. Elaine Miller (Frances McDormand), mother of William and Anita, is a traditional-minded woman who teaches in a local college. Her ideas would not allow Anita to get involved with the low culture she deemed. Anita angrily leaves her home at the age of 18 and starts her career as an air stewardess. At the very beginning of the film, the notion of ‘audience’ is seriously examined. The first audience of music is portrayed as brave and, most-importantly, fully awar e of their own behaviours and wants. Before Anita leaves home, she holds her brother William and tells him ‘Look under your bed’. Judging from those worn surfaces of records and the notes she made on each one of them, we can speculate here Anita has been a very loyal fan and has spent much time, energy and money on the medium she consumes. William is clearly influenced by her sister as he later grows up to be an even more loyal fan to rock music. It would be hard to imagine that in such a strict household, an obedient young child like William Miller will grow up to be a journalist on rock n’ roll which is against his mother’s will. He often writes for Creem magazine and knows every song from his lyrics. The devotion wins the chance for him to make friends with musicians as he uses the word ‘incendiary’ to describe the ‘Fever Dog’ song of Stillwater right in front of its members. His passion in pursuing his career as a journalist e ven makes him give up the chance of attending his graduation ceremony. Another important character inside the film is Penny Lane (Kate Hudson), the founder of Band Aid. She gathers friends to support bands they love instead of just passively listening to their songs without thinking. Penny and William sometime challenge the thoughts of their idols and will give them some constructive ideas. The sad thing is that they have never been regarded seriously until the very end of the film. Anchorman also examines the media effect on audiences but in a less serious tone. From the beginning, a non-diegetic voice narrates the traits of television audiences in the 1970s – ‘There was a time, a time before cable, when the local anchorman reigned supreme, when people believed everything they heard on TV’. This statement at the very beginning positions TV audiences as passive receivers of information. The first time when Ron Burgundy starts broadcasting, an old rocker-like man yells in a bar ‘hey everybody, shut the hell up, Ron Burgundy is on’. The following scene is a toddler saying her first words ‘Ron Burgundy’. It is a clearly a computer generated scene. However, it is a metaphor of the overwhelming power of television in 1970s. ‘Stay classy San Diego’ is what Ron Burgundy says every time at the end of his broadcasting. Then we see people from different places (home, bar, work place), young or old, white or black , repeat after Ron. This scene fortifies the idea of Television’s manipulation over audiences. In a general case in film, males are often portrayed as heroes who struggle and females are put to a less important position (Mortimer, 1997). In both films, females play a great part of the plot but inevitably become portrayed as sex objects. In Almost Famous, Penny Lane and her band aid claim to be supporters of band only, however, ironically, they failed to escape the fate as groupies. Penny Lane is in a very subtle but intimate relationship with Stillwater’s guitarist Russell Hammond (Billy Crudup). In many occasions Penny is braless and wears a very thin top or blouse. When the band Stillwater travels to Cleveland, Penny Lane and Russell Hammond are flirting with each other and Penny only wears her panties. There is even short scene showing her breasts and her full naked back. Other girls, for example, Polexia (Anna Paquin) is one hundred percent a groupie who tried every time to make out with rock stars and even travels all the way from America to Europe to be with Deep Purple. When William Miller is writing his ideas for Rolling Stone magazine in a bathtub, Penny comes straight in to pee just in front of him. Later William is dragged out by three other young women into bedroom. They claim to ‘deflower Opie’ and ‘Opie should die’. Later we see the pace of imaged has been slowed down, the vibe on the screen becomes highly erotic when they start to undress William and themselves. In Anchorman there is only one woman who has been seriously portrayed – Veronica Corningstone (Christina Applegate). When she enters the Channel 4 News station for the first day, members from Channel 4 News Team try to seduce her and refuse to take her seriously as a journalist or a colleague. Veronica became the object of their sexual imagination when they talk about her good body inside the office. Later Ron tries to date her and succeeds at that night and has sex with her. When Ron talks about her life with Veronica in the future with his teammates, Veronica is only wearing a cook apron. The conversation is highly erotic too and Veronica in his imagination is a full-time housewife without any careerism. The image of women is degraded and the relationship between male and female protagonists becomes obvious. Women are portrayed as men’s most important and shiny ‘accessories’, however, to a certain extent, they are a threat to the career of the male prota gonists. The flight scene in Almost Famous exposes the promiscuous relationships between band members which cause a huge brawl between them. In Anchorman, Veronica, with her talent and hard work, makes Ron out of job and takes over as the Channel 4 New anchor. In both films, ‘women function as erotic objects both for the characters within the story and for the spectator, who identifies with the main male protagonist and derives a sense of omnipotence from this identification’ (Mulvey, 1975. p14). Talking about gender inequality, it is a different landscape between these two films. Women in the music industry are more likely to be themselves. They choose their favourite music, the bands they watch, the food they eat, the place they are and the life they want. Being a journalist in the Television industry, Veronica is not lucky enough to be like them and choose the things she likes to do. As she mentions ‘it is the same everywhere that men make jokes of women. To be the best journalist is the way to get respect’. The good thing is that Veronica achieved success and became the first female anchor in America. And later the configuration of having two anchors, one male and one female, report news is nowadays a fixed form. Females inside television industry are treated more seriously as ‘women’ in contrast to ‘sex objects’ in music industry. ‘Self-reflexivity is used to describe films or texts which self-consciously acknowledge or reflect upon their own status as fictional artefacts or the processes involved in their creation’ (Krenn, 2007. p36). Almost Famous exposes some of the ugliest facts about the rock music industry. Hypocrisy is the most severe problem within the industry and inside people. The first time William meets Jeff Bebe (Jason Lee), Jeff tries to glorify himself by stating ‘rock n’ roll is a way of thinking, a life style. Fame and money are not important but the chicks are great’. He sounds like a rascal who is desperately for staying the spotlight, a hobo who is desperately to be cool. When he says all these things, we can see that Russell is looking at him contemptuously which shows that he knows Jeff is pretending to be someone he is not. Russell, compared to Jeff, has a more honest attitude on music. He tells William what makes a song is actually those tiny mistakes. You need only one in the song, and it is what makes fans remember it. The production process in Anchorman seems not very professional. The film constantly shows the mistakes inside Channel 4 News Studio such as the mistakes on the teleprompter and Ron Burgundy’s grumpy character and his low IQ (e.g. He reads out anything he sees). The sense of responsibility is different in two films. Stillwater gives up a show half way and leaves the venue straight away. In television news industry however, when some emergencies happened, there is always a back-up plan to keep thing going. Mead (1934) and Cooley (1902) showed clearly that ‘reflexivity among human beings is rooted in the social process, particularly the process of taking the role of the other and of seeing the self from the others perspective’ (Rosenburg, M. 1990, p3). The Rolling Stone magazine which trashed Eric Clapton’s ‘Layla’ also ended the career of Stillwater. They hasted too much to be famous but lost themselves. William’s article wakes them up but it is already too late to re-establish a good public image. Ron Burgundy learnt from his failure and realised the hard work of Veronica, he finally got to know who he should be and together they made a huge progress for television news industry. The most hilarious sequence in Anchorman is the fight between five news teams. They fight each other near a factory which make people think of the typical gang fight scenes in other films. The fight is fierce and the casualties are heavy. The siren of the police ends this chaos. This is a satire of the vicious and sometimes illegal competitions for higher ratings inside the television news industry. ‘Intertextuality strongly linked with postmodernism, designates, in its narrow sense, the ways in which a film either explicitly or implicitly refers to others films (e.g. through allusion, imitation, parody or pastiche), or in its broader sense, the various relationships on (film) text may have with other texts’ (Nelmes, 2012. p191). Both films are based on historical events, so they are themselves inherently examples of ‘intertextuality’. Almost Famous is a drama in terms of genre. It vividly retells the stories of a band which failed to become a hit. It tells us a story about chasing dreams and making mistakes. Those pieces of fine music are an intertext of nostalgia for old good times. Anchorman is a parody and this decides it will not analyse events in a more serious fashion, but it shows a historic event of women being recognised in the television broadcasting industry. It is these use of techniques of intertextuality that add power of credibility to the films. Compare and contrast the representation of media in these two films, the media’s effect over audiences has been examined in both films. Almost Famous tends to analyse the audience’s reaction to media effect from the perspective of individuals. Most notably, it uses three characters, William, Anita and Penny, to show audiences’ active reaction to the medium they love and live on. Anchorman tends to present television news audiences as a passive whole group. The individual characteristics are diminished. Both films recognise the importance of females inside the society. Females in Almost Famous have more freedom to do what they like but failed to be taken seriously as ‘women’ by the society. In Anchorman, the gender inequality is a more prominent problem but females are justly treated as ‘women’ with dignity and characteristics. They both used ‘intertextuality’ to create the sense of reality, but one with a more serious tone as a drama and the other less critical as a parody. Bibliography: Cooley, C. H. (1902) Human Nature and Social Order. Charles Scribner’s Sons. Krenn, S. (2007) Oriental and Postmodern Elements in Moulin Rouge!. Università ¤t Stuttgart Deutschland Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, Self and Society: From the Standpoint of s Social Behaviourist. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Mulvey L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. In: L. Braudy and Marshall Cohen (eds), Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.6-18. Nelmes, J. (2012). Introduction to Film Studies. 5th Edition. London: Routledge. Rosenberg, M. (1990) ‘Reflexivity and Emotions’ in Social Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Mar, 1990), pp 3-12. Fimography: Almost Famous (2000). [Film] Directed by Cameron CROWE. USA: Dreamworks. Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004). [Film] Directed by Andy MCKAY. USA: Dreamworks. 1

Comparison Paragraph of Macbeth and Othello Essay

Shakespeare shows a high level of regret in both plays by raising the emotional turmoil sensed by Macbeth and Othello. The climax of this repentance highlights the mental state of distress of both of the main characters, and is followed by a dramatic conclusion. Shakespeare presents Macbeth as regretful by portraying his desire to be king as damaging from the start. This is evident in the play when Macbeth says: â€Å"will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?† This use of language is regretful. Many bad things then go on to happen to Macbeth, providing that he was wrong to murder the king and this was against the laws in Jacobean times. Macbeth’s reference to â€Å"Neptune† conveys a sense of prayer to the language and the question mark suggests doubt at his actions. Neptune is the God of the sea, and the Jacobean audience would have known this. However, as this was not the Christian God, the audience would have also viewed this with suspi cion. This also shows that Macbeth feels regretful because it suggests that this is something that will not go away easily; all the water in the ocean will not make his hands clean. Shakespeare makes Macbeth’s guilt and regret apparent with a direct link to the metaphor of having blood on your hands. This heightens Macbeth’s internal disturbance by the constant pressure laid on by Lady Macbeth. The metaphor is used throughout the whole play as Lady Macbeth sees a â€Å"spot† on her hand and, at the end of the play when Macbeth’s downfall is imminent, it is said that â€Å"His secret murders† are â€Å"sticking on his hands.† The outcome is inevitable because Macbeth will not wash his hands clean and the audience knows that this will end in his own death creating drama and tension. Before in the play, the murder of the king is not shown because in the Jacobean Era, murdering the king was against the law. Similarly, Shakespeare presents Othello as regretful. This is evident in the play when Othello says: â€Å"oh fool, fool, fool!† Othello calls himself a â€Å"fool† when he finds out the truth and knows that he was tricked by Iago and is regretful for killing his wife. The use of the word â€Å"fool† shows the audience that h e was not very clever as he was tricked quite easily. However, it was easy for Iago to deceive Othello due to his gullibility. This may have been due to the fact that as an outsider, he did not belong in the society. It also highlights the fact that Othello was easily confused because of Desdemona’s betrayal of her own father. Othello felt that Desdemona could betray Othello as well. The evidence in support of  this fatalistic belief was overwhelming. It had links to Othello being a Moor and Desdemona’s seemingly pernicious friendship with Cassio. The Jacobean audience was aware of this dramatic irony and possibly knew what was going to happen next.

What You Should Do About College Comp Essay Samples Starting in the Next Seven Minutes

What You Should Do About College Comp Essay Samples Starting in the Next Seven Minutes The One Thing to Do for College Comp Essay Samples In the arrival of this recent experimentation, several have concluded that using it ought to be legalized for the advantage of the patients. It can be difficult sometimes, especially whenever you are having difficulty finding inspiration to write. The body is broken up into different paragraphs based on the should lay out all of the support for the primary point. There are a couple things I do feel I lack the confidence and skill to do, and that is precisely what I aspire to gain from participating in Capstone. New Questions About College Comp Essay Samples Do not become stuck with material possessions and what you've achieved in life. The coat hanger comes out of a dumpster. Explain the auto connection better. Where to Find College Comp Essay Samples For instance, if you are supplied a prompt asking you to write about the hardest thin g you've ever done, including moving to some other nation, write an explanation of your move. Unique things to various folks, since the situation demanded. A good deal of individuals are anti-Semitic, anti-Muslim, anti-gay marriage, and so forth. While in the Army, I had the amazing honor to serve with various women and men who, like me, fought to earn a difference on the planet. The Basic Facts of College Comp Essay Samples Writing a college essay can arrive in various forms and styles based on your taste. Last, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. This wedding however wasn't supposed to be one of those forms of weddings. The very first wedding which I planned was in no way a conventional wedding. College Comp Essay Samples Writing skills in college isn't restricted to essays. 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Acquisition Of Natwest By Royal Bank Of Scotland - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3787 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Corporate strategy developers have in the past and today seen Mergers and Acquisitions as an effective tool to foster future growth and create sustainable value. As a norm, companies now aggressively seek and buy compatible businesses to gain from synergetic benefits and strengthen their core business operations, whether that is the Industry of Banking, Pharmaceutical, Information Technology, Construction or Retailing etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by foreign companies increased from  £9.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £19.9 billion in quarter one 2008. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Acquisition Of Natwest By Royal Bank Of Scotland" essay for you Create order Expenditure on acquisitions abroad by UK companies decreased from  £25.8 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £15.5 billion in quarter one 2008. Expenditure on acquisitions in the UK by UK companies increased from  £3.2 billion in quarter four 2007 to  £3.6 billion in quarter one 2008. The number of transactions reported for acquisitions in the UK by UK companies at quarter one 2008 is the lowest reported since quarter one 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source: (https://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ma0608.pdf- on 06-06-2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In March 2000, Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) acquired NatWest Bank, a bank three times its size. Shareholders were told that the merger would realise  £1.1 billion in cost savings and income gains. The acquisition of NatWest by the Royal Bank of Scotland has created a larger group which combines scale and financial strength with an innovation and growth culture, and gives us strategic options to create additional value for shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source:(https://www.rbs.com/media03.asp?id=MEDIA_CENTRE/PRESS_RELEASES/2001/MARCH/RESULTS2000- on 02-06-2008). The perceived motivation drives for this merger and acquisition activity are generally considered to be the acquiring banks desire to increase its return by expanding geographically. This perception is similar to Stewartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premises of merger motivation. According to the Stewart; the actual motivating forces behind merger should be ones that will: Increase financial performance (net operating profits). Financial benefits through borrowing against the Sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unused debt capacity or against an increase in the consolidated debt capacity (lending capacity for banks). Tax benefits derived from expensing the stepped-up basis of assets acquired or from the use of otherwise forfeited tax deductions or creditsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Stewart, 1991, p 375). 2. BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter aims to discuss various literatures on mergers and acquisitions in order to provide a background for subsequent analysis. The literature identifies several economic and financial theories that justify Merger and Acquisition activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature that we use to guide our empirical work. 2.1 DEFINITIONS The interdisciplinary nature of the MA discourse is reflected in the versatile definitions provided in the literature. Some definitions emphasize the organizational context of MA: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mergerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has two meanings in the context of combining organizations. Merger can refer to any form of combination of organizations, initiated by different kind of contracts. The more specific meaning that separates merger from acquisition is that merger is a combination of organizations which are similar in size and which create an organization where neither party can be seen as acquirerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Vaara, 2000, p 82). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The word merger refers to negotiations between friendly parties who arrive at a mutually agreeable decision to combine their companies. In general, mergers reflect various forms of combining companies through some mutuality in negotiationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Fred and Weaver, 2001, p 6). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The word merger is used to mean the combining of two business entities under the common ownershipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold, 2005, p 1041). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Acquisitions a company buying shares in another company to achieve a managerial influence. An acquisition may be of a minority or of a majority of the shares in the acquired company. An acquisition is recorded on the date of the economic decision (formally agreed) even if the legal issues have not been fully finalised. If subsequent disputes, legal issues or a lack of supervisory approval were to interfere with a completion of the acquisition, it is held not to have been recordedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Eurpean Central Bank, 2000, p 4). 2.2 TYPES OF MERGERS ACQUISITION From the point of view of an economist, there are four main groups of Merger and Acquisition. Horizontal ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In this one firm combines with another in the same line of business. In simple words, a horizontal merger occurs when two competitors combineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 13). Horizontal merger reduces the number of the competitors in the market. Vertical: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A vertical merger is the combination of successive activities in a vertical chain under common coordination and control of a single firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Sudarsanam, 2003, p 140). In simple words, it is a merger between a supplier and the distributor company of the supplies. This is a cost saving merger as well. For example HSBC purchased JP Morganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dollar clearing business in 1996. Congeneric: This involves related enterprises but not producers of the same product (as in horizontal merger) or firms in producer supplier relationship (as in vertical merger). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An example is when Lloyds Bank acquired Cheltenham and Gloucester in 1995 mostly to acquire its mortgage business, which is related to but different from retail bankingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Source: (https://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/lloyds_bank.asp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 04-05-2008) Conglomerate: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger is the combining of two firms which operate in unrelated business areas. Some conglomerate mergers are motivated by risk reductions through diversification; some by the opportunity for cost reduction and improved efficiency, others have more complex driving motivationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold, 2002, p 870). For example in 1996, Royal Bank of Scotland was expected to take control of Charles Church. 2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW- THEORIES OF MA There are might a number of motives that might play a role in merger activity, like efficiency, growth , synergy, financial and tax benefits, shareholders exploration, but two of the most often cited motives for mergers and acquisitions are faster growth and synergy. All these strategic motives shall be discussed in this part of the proposal for the better understanding of merger and acquisition. 2.3.1 Efficiency Theory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The efficiency theory says that mergers occur because they improve the combined firms, operations, for example, by letting superior managers assume control, by exploiting cost reducing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“synergiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or complementarities in the partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations, or by taking fuller advantage of scale of economies and risk spreading opportunities, among other things in securing capitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Ravenscraft and Scherer, 1987, p 211). In simple words, efficiency is an improvement in the utilization of existing assets that enables the combined firm to achieve lower costs in producing a given quantity and quality of goods and services. 2.3.2 Managerial Motives or Managerial Perspectives Takeovers can also arise because of the agency problem that exists between shareholders and managers, whereby managers are more concerned with satisfying their own objectives than with increasing the wealth of shareholders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The motive behind some acquisitions may be to increase managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ pay and power. Managers may also believe that the larger their organization, the less likely it is to be taken over by another company and hence the more secure their jobs will become. Take overs made on the grounds have no shareholder wealth justification since managers are likely to increase their own wealth at the expense of the shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Watson and Head, 2006, p 317). 2.3.3 Shareholders Expropriation The important motive behind the consolidation has been maximization of shareholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wealth. In the neo-classical prospective, this mean that the incremented cash flows from the decisions, where discounted at the appropriate discount rate should yield positive or zero net present value. Under uncertainty, the discount rate is the risk-adjusted rate with a market determined risk premium for risk. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Draper and Paudyal (1999) found that shareholders in the target businesses benefits substantially from takeover activity, particularly where they are given the option to receive either cash or shares in the bidder as the consolidation. It seems that the bidderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shareholders do not suffer from merger. They also found that the benefits to target shareholders have declined in the recent past. Bruner (2004) argued that the approach taken by many of the studies based on US takeovers were flawed in that the research results were unduly influenced b y a relatively small number of failures that involved particularly large businesses. He claimed that all takeovers benefit target shareholders and the overwhelming majority benefit bidder shareholders as well.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (McLaney, 2005, p 395). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shleifer and Summers suggest a number of other motives for mergers and acquisitions in which shareholders may gain at the expense of other stakeholders. For example, some target firms may seek acquirers to escape financial problems or to break unfavourable labour contracts. Other firms may seek leveraged purchases of their targets to increase the surviving firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk- return profile at the expense of existing debt holdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Shlfeifer and Summer, 1988, p 33). 2.3.4 Financial and Tax Benefits Whether tax motives are an important determinant of MAs. Certain studies have concluded that acquisition may be an effective means to secure tax benefits. Gilson, Scholes and Wolfson have set forth the theoretical framework demonstrating the relationship between such gains and MAs. They assert that for a certain small fraction of merger, tax motives could have played a significant role. Moreover, whether the transaction can be structured as a tax-free exchange may be a prime determining factor in whether to go forward with a deal. Sellers sometimes require tax free status as a prerequisite of approving a deal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the U.K the rules are more strict for taxes; the losses incurred by the acquired firm before it becomes part of the group cannot be offset against the profit of another member of the group. The losses can only be set against the future profits of the acquired company. Also that company has to continue operating in the same line of businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Arnold 2005, p 1052). 2.3.5 Growth / Market Power Theory One of the most fundamental motives for MAs is growth. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Companies seeking to expand are faced with a choice between internal or organic growth and growth through MAs. Internal growth may be a slow and uncertain process. Growth through MAs may be a much more rapid process. If a company seeks to expand within its own industry, they may conclude that internal growth is not an acceptable alternative, for example, if a company has a window of opportunity that will remain open for only a limited period of time, slow internal growth may not suffice. As the company grows slowly through internal expansion, competitors may respond quickly and take market share. The only solution may be to acquire another company that has a resource, such as established offices, and facilities, management and other resources, in placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 117). Some mergers may result in market power which redounds to the benefits of the merging firms. George Stigler argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“such an effect might have been a primary motivation for many of the mergers and acquisitions during the last quarter of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. He called the 1887-1904 merger wave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger for monopolyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and the 1916- 1926 wave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger for oligopolyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Stigler, 1968, p 23). 2.3.6 Synergy Theory This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce duplicate departments or operation, lowering the costs of the company relation to the same revenue stream, thus increasing profit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The two main types of synergy are operating synergy and financial synergy. Operating synergy comes in two forms: revenue enhancement and cost reduction. These revenues enhancements and efficiency gains or operating economies may be derived in horizontal or vertical mergers. Financial synergy refers to the possibility that the cost of capital may be lowered by combining one or more companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Gaughan, 2007, p 124). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial synergies result in lower cost of capital by lowering the systematic risk of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment portfolio through an investment in an unrelated businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Trautwein, 1990, p 283). Below the list of reasons has been provided that are initiating consolidation in the form of merger and acquisitions in the U.K banking industry. Competition from building societies. New entrants into saving markets. New technology and the internet. Competition from the overseas banks. Government Policies. Economies of scale scope. Managing branch networks. 2.4 MERGER AND ACQUISITIONS: BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS Lumby and Jones identified four key benefits and five draw backs of mergers and acquisitions as follows: 2.4.1 BENEFITS 2.4.1.1 Speed: An acquisition allows the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s newly formed strategy to be implemented rapidly. Through organic growth it will take the company much longer to reach the same level of business activity. 2.4.1.2 Critical mass: The Company is able to immediately achieve the critical mass of assets and activity levels that might be needed to obtain the operating economies of scale that exist in the chosen business area. At the early stages of organic growth into a new business area, the operating economies enjoyed by large competitors will not be achievable; so putting the developed business activity at a significant competitive cost disadvantage, from which further progress may not be possible. 2.4.1.3 Own-paper financing: An acquisition can be made without impacting on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash resources or on its liquidity, by financing it with an issue of new equity called the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"own-paperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In contrast, organic growth will require the expenditure of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash and credit resources. 2.4.1.4 Intellectual assets: In addition to the tangible assets of the acquired company, an acquisition will also bring with it intellectual assets such as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"know-howà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and business contacts of the management team, the skills of the workforce and its trading reputation. With organic growth, these may have to be developed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in-houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ over time. In spite of the identified benefits, mergers and acquisitions have the following significant drawbacks as stated by Lumby and Jones: 2.4.2 DRAWBACKS 2.4.2.1 Risk: Mergers and acquisitions have a significant risk of high-cost failure attached. This is because an acquisition represents a single, very large investment, which if it turns out to be a mistake, then the business will have lost a substantial amount of its value. 2.4.2.2 Acquisition premium: Most acquisitions require the payment of an acquisition premium in order to persuade shareholders of the target company to sell their shares. This means that the acquiring company will be paying more than the economic worth of the company. 2.4.2.3 Steep learning curve: The acquiring company will have to rapidly learn how to manage an unfamiliar business and they may not necessarily be successful in doing so. In contrast, the slower pace of organic growth allows the management far more time in which to learn the range of new skills required to successfully manage the new business area. 2.4.2.4 Post-acquisition problems: Acquisitions could lead to a clash of management cultures between those of the acquired company and the acquiring company. This will often lead to key members of the acquired company leaving post-acquisition, resulting in the loss of vital intellectual capital. This may not be the case with organic growth. 2.4.2.5 Coinsurance effect: In an acquisition where either the predator company or/and the target company has debt financing, then there is the risk of a post-acquisition wealth transfer from the shareholders to the debt holders. (Lumby, 2003). 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This Proposal has been built upon the analysis of the mergers and acquisition of banks in the U.K, like the acquisition (takeover of NatWest by Royal Bank of Scotland) in 2000. In this research my effort is to attempt and cover all important issues related to Mergers and Acquisition, like what causes, and initiates a merger or an acquisition, the benefits accrue to the company, its employees and customers etc, and native aspects of MA. This research investigates into the roots and causes of ever increasing consolidation activity and tries to critically evaluate merger and acquisition. Another aim of the proposal is to study the expectations of the stakeholders of the banks in the U.K, and the effect a merger or an acquisition has on them. Three stakeholders, namely, shareholders, employees and customers shall be studied in detail with the help of the case study. As according to the Schweigher: MAs basically aim at enhancing the shareholders value or wealth, the results of several empirical studies reveal that on an average, MAs consistently benefit the target company shareholders but not the acquirer company shareholders. A majority of corporate mergers fail. Failure occurs on average, in every sense, acquiring firm stock prices likely to decrease when mergers are announced; many acquired companies sold off; and profitability of the acquired company is lower after the merger relative to comparable non-merged firms. Consulting firms have also estimated that from one half to two-thirds of MAs do not come up to the expectations of those transacting them, and many resulted in divestituresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Schweiger, 2003, p 71). The conclusion from this case study support my hypothesis that, whether stakeholders benefit from the merger and acquisition, because on the one hand, sometimes the merger and acquisition is beneficial for shareholders of the merging /or acquiring bank. On the other hand, employees are left worse-off following job cuts and redundancies. 4. STATEMENT OF DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY In order for the aims and objectives of the research to be fulfilled, it is essential to expand an understanding of the reason for growing tendency amongst banks in United Kingdom to pool together and the advantages of this pooling. The design of this project shall follow the deductive approach, like questionnaire, and the inductive research or the internal research will focus on interviews with the Managers and staff and customers of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest. In this regards, it is not an easy task to get an interview from the managers or the members of staff, but I shall try my best to do so. The external research will be carried out through the readings of books, journal and published data. Another difficult thing was access to annual reports, but I have already got the annual reports of both banks. The theory, annual reports and different analysistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reports on the concepts of mergers and acquisitions shall be critically reviewed and thereafter compared and contrasted with facts gathered from the case study to confirm or disprove existing knowledge. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative data shall be analysed to make desired recommendations and conclusion. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is read carefully). 5. SOURCES AND ACQUISITION OF DATA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research can be done through books, as everyone knows, as only some knows; it can be done by letters. It can also be performed through Conversationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Watson, 1999, p 52). Sources of data adopted for this project include both secondary and primary data. A secondary data source enables a better understanding and explanation of the research problem. The literature review is a type of the secondary data, it involves the review of earlier studies on and around the research topic. Other secondary data includes the books on Finance, Mergers and Acquisitions, Strategy, journals, annual reports, analysistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reports and different online resources like web pages of Royal Bank of Scotland and NatWest bank, should be used. In addition to the secondary data stated above, primary data sources shall equally be utilised to gather data directly from the key players in the merger and acquisition process. This shall include the use of questionnaires and personal interviews with managers and members of staff of RBS and NatWest. The interviews must be focused on the research area and not delve into alternative areas. (UWIC Guidelines, Red Book is been studied thoroughly). METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is the most difficult part of the project. Data analysis is the process of applying statistical, systematic and logical techniques, comparing the data and managing it. During the project both the qualitative and quantitative data will require analysis. In order to determine how well a company has performed in delivering stakeholders value, we need to make a comparison with its past performance. The first annual figures for The Royal Bank of Scotland Group following the acquisition of NatWest show the enlarged Group made a profit before tax, goodwill amortisation and integration costs of  £4,401 million on a pro forma basis for the year to 31 December 2000, an increase of 31 per cent. The period analysed would be broken into following categories. 1999 The Pre-acquisition period. 2000 The Announcement and bidding period. 2001 The Post acquisition period. The analysis shall cover some expense ratios, profitability ratios and balance sheet ratios. The expense and profitability ratios shall be used to analyse efficiency and profitability during the pre- and post-acquisition periods, while the balance sheet ratio shall be used to analyse changes that may have occurred that might have affected efficiency or profitability. Timetable    Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Problem Identification                               Review of Literature                         Research Design                      Choice of Methodology                      Data Sources                   Data Collection                      Data Analysis                         Draft Writing                   Editing                                  Final Documentation                            Binding Submission                                  REFERENCES Books: Arnold, G, 2005, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Financial Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 3rd edition, England, Prentice Hall, p 1041 1052. Arnold, G, 2002, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Financial Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 2nd edition, Great Britain, PrinticeHall, p 870. Fred W. J and Weaver S. C, 2001, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger and Acquisitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, Los Angeles, McGraw-Hill Professional, p 6. Gaughan P. A, 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger, Acquisition, and Corporate Restructuringsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 4th edition, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc, p 13, 117 124. Gilson R, Scholes M. S and Wolfson M. A, 1988, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Taxation and Dynamics of Corporate Controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, New York, Oxford uni press, p 273. McLaney, E, 2005, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Business Finance, Theory and Practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 7th edition, U.K, Pearson Education, P 395. Ravenscraft D. J and Schere F. M, 1987, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers, Sell-offs, Economic Efficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Washington D.C, Brookings Institution Press, p 211. Red Book, UWIC Guideline. Stewart, G.B, 1991, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Quest for Value, A guide for senior Managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, New York, Harper Business, p 375-382. Sudarsanam, S, 2003, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Creating Values from Mergers and Acquisitions-The Challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, England, Pearson Education Limited, p 140. Watson, G, 1999, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Writing A Thesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1st edition, New York, Pearson Education Ltd , P 52 Watson, D and Head, A, 2006, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Finance, Principles and practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 4th edition, U.K, PrinticeHall, p 317. Journals: Stigler G, (1968) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Monopoly and Oligopoly by Mergerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, American economic Review (1968) by the organisation of industry, Vol 40, No 2, May, p 23-34. Trautwein F, (1990), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Merger Motives and Merger Prescriptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), Vol 11, No 4, May/June, p 283, by John Wiley sons. Shleifer. A and Summer, L. H (1988), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Breach of Trust in Hostile Takeovers; from Corporate Take over: Causes and Consequences, P 33-67, The University of Chicago Press. Vaara, E, (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Constructions of Cultural differences in post-merger change process: a sense making perspective on Finnish-Swedish casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. [emailprotected]/* */@gement Vol 3, no3: p 82. Schweiger, D.M, (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MA Integration: A Framework for Executives and Managers,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Book Summary by Niranjan Swain, in The ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, Vol 9, No 2, p 71-79. Articles (Electronic): European Central Bank, (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers and acquisitions involving the EU banking industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Available from, (www.ecb.eu/pub/pdf/other/eubkmergersen.pdf -accessed on 12-05-2008. Powell, C, (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mergers and acquisitions involving UK companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, First Release, P 1, Available from (https://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ma0608.pdf, accessed on 06-06-2008). Websites: https://www.rbs.com/media03.asp?id=MEDIA_CENTRE/PRESS_RELEASES/2001/MARCH/RESULTS2000- accessed on 02-06-2008 https://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/lloyds_bank.asp- accessed on 04-05-2008.