Cognitive Dissonance Is Defined By Gilovich Et - 1283 Words

Cognitive dissonance is defined by Gilovich et all’s textbook as â€Å" A theory that maintains the inconsistencies among a person’s thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency†. While this definition is true it also quite confusing. To understand this first the words that make up the term need to be understood. Cognition is a mental action, it involves gaining knowledge and understanding through use of thoughts, senses, and experiences. This cognition can produce a perception, sensation, notion, or intuition. Dissonance is simply a discrepancy among two things. In the case of cognitive dissonance this discrepancy is between any two of the following; an idea,†¦show more content†¦There are four distinct ways to reduce cognitive dissonance; Change the behavior or cognition, justify the behavior or cognition by changing conflicting cognition, justify the behavior or cognitio n by adding new cognitions, or ignore or deny any information that conflicts with one s existing beliefs. Cognitive dissonance was created by Leon Festinger in 1957. While it is just a theory is widely regarded as fact. Festinger created this theory when he was doing an observational study on a cult that believed the world was to be destroyed by a flood and the cult members would be spared by aliens. Cult members sold or gave away their positions, including their homes, and their jobs and then waited to be rescued by aliens. The aliens never came and the earth was obviously not destroyed. Festinger noticed a trend where the extremely committed members of the cult believed that the earth was spared due to the members extreme faith. The less committed members chocked it up to a bad mistake on their part or a worthwhile experience and ceased believing in the cult. This is a classic example of cognitive dissonance, the members with the highest commitment and faith changed their beliefs to think that their faith had spared the earth. The members who hadn t given up their homes and jobs, los t faith in the cult. The two separate belief changes by the two groups were both ways to relieve the cognitive dissonance created when the aliens never

Global Project Management Free Essays

Similarities and Differences between Domestic and Global Project Management. Global business practices are becoming increasingly common both for large multi-national organizations as well as small domestic businesses. Many businesses outsource work to other countries or contract people of organizations globally to complete project work or provide offshore services (Eberlein, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Project Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 27). A better understanding of how to manage global projects is important to the body of knowledge about project management. The purpose of this study is to explore the similarities and differences between domestic and global project management. The research questions used to guide this study are 1. In what ways are domestic and global projects similar and different? 2. What are some mediating variables that contribute to global project failure or success? Domestic Project Management In the United States the Project Management Institute (PMI) project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) and the Association of Project Manager’s (APM) body of knowledge (bok) are used as guides for planning and controlling projects (Burke, 2001). According to the PMBOK a project is â€Å"a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services† (PMBOK as cited in Burke, 2001, p. ). All projects share the same basic components: (a) a project manager or single individual responsible for the outcome of the project, (b) a beginning and an end, (c) distinct phases, budget of allocated financial and physical resources, (d) unique set of activities specific to the project, (e) fast tracking to getting product or process completed before the competition, and (f) identification of team member roles and responsibilities (Burke, 2001). The role of the project manager is â€Å"to set up a management structure which not only meets the needs of the project, but the needs of the organization, the needs of the stakeholders and the needs of the individuals working on the project† (Burke, 2001, p. 1). Projects range in size and scope from small domestic projects to large multi-national global projects. The first, and often critical task of the project manager is to identify the stakeholders of the project and what their needs and expectations are in relation to the urpose and the scope of the project (Kerzner, 2003). According to the PMBOK, there are nine components that the project manager must consider: (a) integration, (b) time, (c) quality, (d) scope, (e) cost, (f) human resource management, (g) communication, (h) procurement, and (i) risk. This involves the project manager articulating what has to be completed in order for the project to be a success. This includes outlining how long the project will take, how much it will cost, what resources are needed, and what technical or subject matter experts are needed. Prior to implementation, the project manager works with others on the project team to develop a plan and how it will be implemented. Throughout the planning, implementation, and completion phases, the project manager is responsible for managing techniques and tools used as well as integrating, monitoring and maintaining the process and personnel from concept to completion of project objectives (Burke, 2001). Project integration involves the planning, execution, and control of the project and how the inputs from different knowledge and technical experts will be coordinated (Kerzner, 2003). Project scope management involves ensuring that all the tasks required for the project are defined, the resources required are identified, and controlling processes are in place (DeLone et al. , 2005). Project cost management includes understanding budget allocation and restrictions and planning how resources will be used, cost estimates and budgeting, cash-flow and control. Project quality management involves indentifying and maintaining the necessary conditions to ensure quality assurance and control during all phases of the project life cycle. Management of project personnel is also an important responsibility of the project manager. Project human resource management involves identifying, recruiting, and maintaining a project team with the right mix of technical and knowledge experts (Kerzner, 2003). Project communication management involves creating a work environment that facilitates the proper communication channels for the collection and dissemination of information related to planning, implementation, and completion of the project. Project risk management involves identifying risks and incorporating processes and procedures to mitigate against risks to the completion of the project. Finally project procurement management involves identification and implementation of processes that facilitate the planning and procurement of resources and necessary documentation for completion of the project (Burke, 2001, pp. 8-9). During the project life-cycle, project managers are responsible for oversight of such tasks or processes as work breakdown structure, critical path methods (calculation of all the activities from start to finish to determine the duration of the project), resource smoothing, earned value, and configuration control (Burke, 2001). Many organizations are turning to management-by-projects approach because it provides flexibility, decentralized management responsibility, a more holistic or global way of conceptualizing problems and solutions, and problem solution processes that are goal oriented (Burke, 2001, p. ). One benefit of management by project is that it allows for the inclusion of temporary, part-time or full-time workers as team members. Another is that this approach has been endorsed by the International Project Management Assoc iation (IPMA) (Burke, 2001). This is important for global project management scenarios. Global Project Management Global project management often involv es program management in which a project office is designated to mange a large capital project that is subdivided into smaller project teams each with a specific goal to achieve as part of a larger plan. Often the project manager will be involved with one or more of the following, either personally or through designated representatives: (a) recruitment of project team personnel, (b) human resources and personnel issues, (c) identification of economic factors related to the project, (d) computer or other technical systems to be used, (e) legal contracts or other required documentations, (f) sales and marketing issues if applicable, (g) and costs (purchasing, sales, and employee) (Burke, 2001, p. 5). Finally, the project manager either serves as the technical expert or identifies and includes on the project team the necessary technical and knowledge experts required to complete the project. The project manager is key to the success of any project. The project manager sets the overall tone and creates the environment in which the work is to be completed (Delone et al. , 2005). The project manager must contend with and integrate the different expectations of outside forces that influence the project development, implementation, and completion. This includes stakeholder goals and expectations as well as the immediate client or sponsor requirements for the project (Delone et al. , 2005). It also includes understanding how the project fits within the economic cycle, market requirement, and the competition. In addition, the project manager must complete the project within the culture and structure of the organization or organizations while adhering to any rules and regulations governing the industry (Espinosa et al. , 2003). Finally, and sometimes neglected, the project manager must be mindful of the political forces that can affect the completion of the project, both internal to the organization as well as the external environment (Burke, 2001, p. 6). These factors are static and the manager must be able to deal with uncertainty, change, and risk within the project environment. In a growing global business environment, projects often involve international partner and project teams composed of members from different geographical and cultural areas (Eberlein. 008). Global project managers are faced with a different set of challenges than faced by the domestic project manager. â€Å"Conducting projects in different countries, with their unique legal and political environment, security issues, economic factors, and infrastructure limitations and requirements, increases complexity far beyond that of projects executed in domestic settings† (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 1). Many of the issues discussed in r elation to domestic project management are applicable to global project management. However, in addition to the PMI and PMBOK in the United States, there are others organizations that provide project management guidelines such as the Association of Project Managers (AMP bok) in the United Kingdom, The AIPM Competency Standards for Project Management in Australia, the ISO 10006 Guideline to Quality in Project Management, South African unit standards, and the International Association of Project Managers (IPMA’s BOK) (Burke, 2001, p. ). The purpose of these resources is to provide a body of common knowledge that can be used in domestic as well as international projects Compared to the PMBOK used in the United States, the APM bok from the United Kingdom employs a broader approach to project management, utilizing 55 knowledge areas compared to the nine knowledge areas of PMBOK. The APM bok: Incorporates not only inward focused project management topics (such as planning and control techniques), but also broader topics in which the project is being managed (such as social and ecological environment), as well as specific areas (such as technology, economics, finance, organization, procurement and people as well as general management). (Burke, 2001, p. 8) Global project management involves an understanding of the industries and types of projects that are used in the countries involved in the project (Burke, 2001). When involved in global project management, a key issue is ensuring a common understanding and competence of project managers who come from different project management certification of licensure programs Delone et al. , 2005). Project managers and team members will have to work out a common business language and set of common practices and procedures that will be adhered to during the planning, implementation, and completion of the project. This is especially important when dealing with different legal systems and requirements of the countries involved in the project (Burke, 2001, p. 10). The Influence of Culture to the Success of a Project Global project managers must effectively deal with differences in language that could be barriers to communication and understanding. Cross-cultural differences can also pose challenges when cultural conventions are violated. This lack of attention to language and cultural will show up at any point in the life cycle from planning to the completion stage in the form of differences in quality standards adhered to by technical and knowledge experts as well as misunderstandings over goals and task requirements (Henri Sousa-Poza, 2005). Differences in labor relations, governmental agency involvement must also be addressed when forming a project team and setting the project deadline (Freedman Katz, 2007). A critical mistake a project manager can make in working with an international team is neglecting cultural variables than can pose a risk to planning and execution. For example, assigning a high-risk project to a team composed of members from a risk-averse culture (e. g. Germany, Japan, and China) may result in excessive time spent in the planning and risk assessment phase of the project life cycle, changing processes, procedures, and performance aspects to mitigate against low probability risks that results the wasting of time and resources, and negative attitudes about the success of the project (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 2). In countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, and some African nations, the successful completion of time-intensive and time critical projects can be jeopardized by a culture that places an empha sis on being patient and bending to the will of fate. It is therefore vital to review such cultural characteristics in the context of a project’s priorities, considering alternatives where appropriate† (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 2). Who the stakeholders are in a global project are also important considerations. While this is often neglected in domestic projects, the negative repercussions pose a greater threat to global projects (Freedman Katz, 2007). To mitigate against the negative risks associated with a global partnership, it is important to establish shared goals and objectives from the start. This is often a difficult process because of cultural differences between the countries involved. While all cultural differences cannot be eliminated, identifying and mutually acknowledging these differences can help decrease misunderstandings and insults that could threatened the completion of the project (Freedman Katz, 2007). Therefore, a project manager involved in any international partnership would take into consideration several factors that start with an assessment of the cultural values of the country and organization from which some of the team members would be recruited. Questions that the project manager would ask include: 1. How complex is the project? 2. How complex is the project infrastructure? 3. What are the key risk areas of the project? 4. How time-critical is the project? 5. What are your long-term objectives? 6. Which cultural barriers will you have to address? (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 3) Once the team has been established, time should be taken to clarify and align the technical and knowledge competencies required by team members as well as the intentions and expectations from both the domestic and globally based team members for how the project will proceed. Since communication may be more difficult when working with a global partner, it is incumbent on the project manager to take the extra time to clarify and confirm information shared between project team members and key stakeholders in the project (Delone, 2005). This process will help the project manager identify and deal with differences in values that might threatened effective collaboration (Freedman Katz, 2007). Project team leadership can be influenced differently in domestic and global project management. Approaches to leadership that work well in domestic projects may fail when working with culturally diverse team. For example, there is a hierarchy of communication between workers, supervisors, and leadership that are strictly adhered to in some countries (e. g. , India and Japan) that is not a part of the organizational culture in the U. S. Ignoring these cultural conventions could lead to project delay or even failure (Freedman Katz, 2007). In addition, some cultures are h ighly authoritarian, group-oriented, and use indirect communication; these cultural practices are different from U. S. practices that tend to be more egalitarian, individualist, and use direction communication. This can result in situations where project team members are confused about how to interact with others and how to approach project tasks, often leading to delay or project failure (Freedman Katz, 2007). If problems or conflict does occur, a project manager who understands the cultural differences at play, can work with team members to develop strategies that help adapting behaviors to accommodate differences in expectations about leadership, decision-making procedures, work styles, and rule/tactics of negotiation (Freedman Katz, 2007). Some cultures expect their leaders to be more egalitarian than is common among US leaders (e. g. , Scandanavia, Israel, Australia, and New Zealand). When leaders are perceived as too autocratic, team members often will resent the leader’s actions and ignore a leader they consider arrogant and overbearing. On the other hand, some cultures expect the leader to be more directive and autocratic (e. g. , most countries south of the US, Russia, China, India, Mid East, and Far Eastern countries) (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. ). When a leader is perceived to be too friendly or casual with subordinates, team members will react to the project manager with confusion and distrust (Freedman Katz, 2007). It cannot be understated the importance of project managers to accommodate their behaviors to the cultural and organizational expectations. â€Å"It is entirely possible to behave in a way that will be viewed as weak and ineffective in one culture and viewed as boorish and ineffective in anot her† (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 4). Palvia and Vemuri (2002) stress the key role that trust plays in the successful completion of a project. This is especially relevant to global project management were trust is built and strengthened by a project manager who recognizes the language, culture, local customs of the international partners and teams members in addition to knowledge about legal or regulatory requirements (Kliem, 2004). Project managers also must be prepared to work with leaders in other countries who are not familiar with working in cross-cultural teams and are unaware of how to interact in these situations. Project managers facile at â€Å"influencing, negotiating, and adapting their behavior to different people and contexts† (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 5) are best suited from global projects. These managers are able to build relationships and understand the important role that these relationship are to the success of a global project. These managers are able to tap into relationships formed with partner organizations to help resolve issues or expedite solutions. Project managers who have difficulty in the following areas would be poor choices for leading a global project: (a) building relationships, (c) knowingly or unknowingly ignores or insults foreign team members, (d) have poor communication skills, (e) views foreigners as lazy, stupid, or unable/unwilling to adapt, (f) unwilling to adapt his/her own behaviors, (g) takes for granted the importance of coming to consensus on issues related to project tasks, times, and quality (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 6). On the other hand, Freedman and Katz (2007) outlined several behaviors of the â€Å"uninformed† superior working for a foreign company that could threaten the collaboration, functioning, and success of a project. These disruptive behaviors include: ? Delegates completely, doesn’t see any reason to get involved. ?â€Å"They work for us—you make that clear to them! † ?Asks if the project manager is keeping â€Å"banker’s hours† when he/she comes in later after being on the phone from 11-3 the night before. ?Sees no reason to be selective (except technically) in placing people on an international project. Selects high risk/high collaboration projects for international work. ?Assumes the time required is the same for international and domestic projects. ?Is unwilling or unable to change leadership style to meet cultural expectations. (Freedman Katz, 2007, p. 5) Another factor that is different from domestic projects is that members on a global p roject team often are geographically and sometimes organizationally dispersed (Orlikowski, 2002). It is not uncommon for these project members to meet in â€Å"virtual teams† using telecommunications and information technology (Eberlein, 2008, p. 9). Bell and Kozlowski (2002) point out that the use of virtual teams add an additional layer of complexity to any program. The lack of personal contact hinders team development and constrains performance management. At present, â€Å"there have been few efforts to include the culture variable in the theoretical frameworks† (Gurung Prater, 2006, p. 24). Conclusion Being the manager of a globally based project can be exciting and rewarding with the project manager has the knowledge and skills to deal with culturally diverse work situations. In order to increase leadership effectiveness and the management of risk, uncertainty, and complexity, the project manager must become familiar with the guidelines for the project process that is common in the country where the project will be completed. In addition, cultural awareness and the ability to engage members of the team in effective communication that considers and respects cultural customs of the hosting country is critical to project success. Different countries respond differently to peers and those in positions of authority. A little â€Å"homework† about the culture and customs of the host country will serve the project manager well. References Bell, B. S. , Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. New York: Cornell University, Faculty Publications: Human Resource Studies Burke, R. (2001). Project management: Planning and control techniques (3rd ed. ). New York: John Wiley Sons. DeLone, W. , Espinosa, J. A. , Lee, G. , Carmel, E. (2005). Bridging global boundaries for IS project success. Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science, Big Island Hawaii, IEEE. Eberlein, M. (2008). Culture as a critical success factor for successful global project management in multi-national IT service projects. Journal of Information Technology Management, 19(3), 27-42. Espinosa, J. A. , Cummings, J. N. , Wilson, J. M. , and Pearce, B. M. (2003). Team boundary issues across multiple global firms. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 157-190) Freedman, S. , Katz, L. (2007). Critical success factors for international projects. PM World Today, 9(10), 1-8. Retrieved April 18, 2010 from http://www. pmworldtoday. net Gurung, A. , Prater, E. (2006). A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on IT outsourcing. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 9(1), 24-43. Henri, M. , Sousa-Poza, A. (2005). Project management: A cultural literary review. Project Management Journal, 36(1), 5-14. Kerzner, H. (2003). Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling. New York: John Wiley Sons. Kliem, R. L. (2004). Managing the risks of offshore IT development projects. Information Systems Management Journal, Summer, 22-28. Orlikowski,, W. (2002). Knowing in practice: Enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing. Organization Science, 13, 249-273. Palvia, S. C. , Vemuri, V. K. (2002). Global e-commerce: An examination of issues related to advertising and intermediation in Palvia, P. C. , Palvia, S. C. J. , Roche, E. M. (eds. ) Global information technology and electronic commerce: Issues for the new millennium. New York: Ivey League Publishing. How to cite Global Project Management, Essays

Impact of FDI on Land in Agriculture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of FDI on Land in Agriculture. Answer: Introduction: Zhu, Zhuang, Eva and Bernacchistates that the rapid increase of the world population require an increase in food production. According to the three, however food production has been facing a lot of challenges due to climate change. In the article Zhu, Zhuang, Eva and Bernacchimentions that lack of enough rains, cold seasons at the wrong time, flooding and storms have a very significant impact on local crops and livestock production. Although modern farmers have tried to deploy modern farming technologies and techniques to reduce the vulnerabilities and boost production, the effects of the recent drought highlight glaring potential future vulnerabilities. According to the three, climate change is already having measurable impacts on the quality and quantity of the food produced globally. However, this is termed as a small issue compared with the significant increase in global food production that has been achieved for the past few decades. Rising carbon dioxide concentration which is the primary driver for climate change has led to increase in the production of crops such as wheat, soybeans, and rice. Zhu, Zhuang, Eva and Bernacchistates that the rapid increase in climate change has led affected the length and quality of the growing season which has left many farmers with increasing damage to their crops. Farmers should be aware and be in a position to adopt climate change for the future of global food production to be in a better position. They should also be prepared for other pressures such as competition for land. The government should make sure that farmers are alerted on when to grow certain food crops after climatic research to make sure that they don't incur a lot of losses in cases where rain is expected in small amounts. Farmers should also be encouraged to practice modern farming technologies and techniques which will lead to rose in global food production which include the quality and quantity. In their article, Carley and Christie states that food production is not only affected by climate change but also through pollution, overgrazing, and release of greenhouse gases. Farming practices like applying fertilizers not only lead to air pollution but also water pollution when the fertilizers and chemicals applied seeps in water supplies which have led to the dramatic suffering of water quality. Contaminated water with fertilizers and chemicals have led to outbreaks of waterborne illness as well as having adverse effects on marine life. According to Carley and Christine, food production companies have greatly contributed to environmental pollution. This is because the dangerous gases which are emitted during the production of food substances in food industries are released into the atmosphere thus causing air pollution which has adverse effects on plants and animals. The waste products which are in most cases in solid and liquid form are released to the environment, and they ca n seep into water bodies causing water pollution. Greenhouse gases which are released into the air have led to the damage of the ozone layer which has led to adverse climatic changes. Overgrazing has contributed to soil erosion. Environmental degradation which occurs due to overgrazing, pollution, and release of greenhouse gases should be stopped by creating awareness to the public about their negative impacts on the environment. Farmers who practice livestock farming should be advised on the appropriate farming techniques to avoid cases of overgrazing which causes soil erosion. Food industries should be responsible for managing their waste products and not directing them to water bodies. This can be achieved by recycling them and making them useful instead of polluting the environment. Individuals should be advised to treat water before consuming it to get rid of waterborne diseases. The authors outlines food companies should be located in safe distances away from residential areas, and they should make use of newly designed smoke-free furnaces. Farmers should make sure the fertilizers and chemicals applied to their crops do not seep and enter water sources. They should also make sure they use the appropria te type and in the corrective amount to avoid contaminating the soil which can change the soil PH. Food productivity of any given region depends on the economy of that state. The level of the economy changes from one group of people to the other regarding their well-being status. Research from NCBI shows that the average world food production is increasing many countries; some nations in sub-Saharan Africa have a declined production. According to Santangelo, to improve food production levels across the world generally, an economic analysis is essential on the dynamics of food production, income growth and the demand for the food products. With this in mind, the responsible bodies will ascertain which crops to give more attention to others as there are those that are essential to human survival. To grow some crop, it requires one to have skilled labour and advanced technology as they play a key role in ensuring that food production is of high quality. Countries that have a high economic developed have taken the lead in food production as they undertake necessary research that helps them to invest wisely across all food production areas. In my opinion, the economic impact on food production is a primary area that should be given high attention in any other area if food production. When producing food items, it is essential to weigh their importance to the society, their demand and how they are affected by the changes in climate. Some crops depend on the economic investment, changes in climate and demand to be produced. Depending on the poor, unskilled labour for the production of these crops is a key area that should be put into consideration in the modern society that embraces conventional agricultural practices to improve the food supply. The governments of different nations across the world should join their efforts together with those of other non-governmental organizations in providing resources and skills that will improve the food production globally. This will help achieve a sustainable environment because when world manages to feed its entire population, there will be developed across all sectors. References Carley, M., Christie, I. (2017). Managing sustainable development. Routledge. Santangelo, G. D. (2018). The impact of FDI on land in agriculture in developing countries on host country food security. Journal of World Business, 53(1), 75-84. Zhu, P., Zhuang, Q., Eva, J., Bernacchi, C. (2017). Importance of biophysical effects on climate warming mitigation potential of biofuel crops over the conterminous United States. Gcb Bioenergy, 9(3), 577-590.

World issues Essay Example For Students

World issues Essay The world we live in appears to be falling apart at the seams. The problems facing humanity seem overwhelming.Never in history has a generation differed as greatly from those of the past. The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, thus, their are more people living in poverty and more middle class society being forced to live in poverty. Our world is full of hate for one and other, mostly caused by a pre-conditioned belief of each other. We would be lead to believe that we live in an enlightened society by our worlds leaders, but the truth remains that poverty, hunger and human misery remain very much evident in society today. In order to eliminate any of these issues we must redefine what we believe is an enlightened society. We will write a custom essay on World issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Throughout history, poverty has existed. In this day and age there is no difference. During the time of the Roman Empire, peasants revolted against the wealthy upper class. Eventually, the Roman Empire was overthrown due to disease, attacks from neighboring countries and the conflict within. However, what started the downfall of the Roman Empire was unhappy peasants that were not hungry and without shelter, but were tired of the rich living in lavishly decorated houses and drinking wine. Society today is no different. Their is a clear distinction between the rich and the poor. All around us we see people segregated by class. From cars we drive to newspapers we read, their are noticeable differences. People in todays society often live in communities according to economical and social status. It is very unlikely that a person who is rich will live in the projects, but can do so if he/she chooses. A person who does not have a lot of money cannot live in an upper class neighborhood beca use their economical status deems them unfit for that neighborhood. Their are very few choices that the lower class has. Just as in the Roman Empire, their is little choice for the lower class. All needs are met as far as shelter, food and water but their is little choice. We all need food, water, shelter and contact with people but it is the way we go about receiving these needs. A creation of a more powerful middle class is needed if we are to survive into the twentieth century. If the gap between the rich and the poor is widening, it is the middle class which is becoming extinct. Middle class came about in the industrial age as a way to bring more choices to working society. Most people live in a middle class society because it is so vast. Over the years there has been a decrease of the middle class. Wages have not kept up with inflation, thus their are less choices. The cost of living has risen dramatically because of the advancement of technology. What people work for has not risen with inflation and this has created a gap. To offset this difference, borrowing is necessary from institutions such as banks and credit unions. When people have exceeded their limit of borrowing from these institutions, which are owned by an upper class society, they are forced into bankruptcy. In turn, they are forced in a lower class society which has limited choices. The gap keeps widening because more and more middle class society is forced into the lower class and in turn out creating more poverty. One solution to help out middle class society is to offer more tax breaks to keep up with inflation. The more a middle class society the world develops, the stronger a society we will have. The less of a middle class we create, the more of a lower class we have, which in turn create conflict. The more people are even footing, the more chance to open communication with one and other. Racism has existed throughout time. It is a negative attitude toward people based solely on their membership in a certain group. Racism exists due to many factors. Usually racism is passed from one generation to the next and tends to become the norm for the way people think and the attitudes they have towards other people. People act this way not because they are prejudiced, but because they are following what they have been taught. People divide groups into us and them. We tend to believe that what we do is the only acceptable and right way. People are very closed minded and always presume that if someone is not the same colour, background or religion, there must be something wrong with them. Therefore they treat them unfairly and this is where racism stems from. People start to believe that everyone from that group is the same and alike. Everything else is ignored and in the end the only thing people see is race, colour and religion. Racism affects everyone and everything we do. Throughout history, there have been incidents where the colour, race or religion of a certain group has caused tremendous hatred and acts of violence. Two major events being the discrimination of African-Americans by whites in the South of the United States of America and the discrimination of Jews in Germany by the Nazis. These situations had a great impact on the entire world and to this day have left tremendous damage and continued hatred of these groups by certain people. The fact that we, as humans, let these situations take place is a very sad fact of life and therefore we must do everything we can do to change these ways of thinking. There are three ways that we can prevent racism from taking place. The first thing being contact between different groups. There must be extensive contact and it must be positive. By continued contact, people will get used to the differences that other people have and therefore will eventually adjust t o the diversity. The second thing people must do is cooperate with one another. Working together gives people a common goal that is good for everyone. Working toward this common goal will reduce prejudice and this is because they start to think of themselves as one group and not as two different ones. By doing this , it changes the way one group thinks about the other. The third thing that we must do in order to reduce racism is acquire knowledge and information about the other groups. In order to get along with someone, we must understand and know something about them. Racism exists because we believe everyone from that race is the same. However, if we take the time to learn about these peoples lives, we would come to realize that they have feelings and emotions just like everyone else. We as one society have faced many challenges already. Conflict surrounds us everyday. As an informed society, we must learn from other peoples mistakes and make an effort to make better of the situa tions. There are many challenges that face society, all of which society has created. If we are to become enlightened, we must first ask why we are :enlightened. If we cannot answer the question, than I believe we are just striving to become complete. Society has passed down its challenges from one generation to the next, all of which have not come close to being solved. Maybe if we stop creating new conflicts between us and strive for a common goal we can set aside conflict and become a better society. .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .postImageUrl , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:hover , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:visited , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:active { border:0!important; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:active , .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a4cd196f6d1f6634e84c20639a6dc0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physics lab EssayThe world we live in appears to be falling apart at the seams. The problems facing humanity seem overwhelming.Never in history has a generation differed as greatly from those of the past. The gap between the rich and the poor is widening, thus, their are more people living in poverty and more middle class society being forced to live in poverty. Our world is full of hate for one and other, mostly caused by a pre-conditioned belief of each other. We would be lead to believe that we live in an enlightened society by our worlds leaders, but the truth remains that poverty, hunger and human misery remain very much evident in society today. In order to eliminate any of these issues we must redefine what we believe is an enlightened society. Throughout history, poverty has existed. In this day and age there is no difference. During the time of the Roman Empire, peasants revolted against the wealthy upper class. Eventually, the Roman Empire was overthrown due to disease, attacks from neighboring countries and the conflict within. However, what started the downfall of the Roman Empire was unhappy peasants that were not hungry and without shelter, but were tired of the rich living in lavishly decorated houses and drinking wine. Society today is no different. Their is a clear distinction between the rich and the poor. All around us we see people segregated by class. From cars we drive to newspapers we read, their are noticeable differences. People in todays society often live in communities according to economical and social status. It is very unlikely that a person who is rich will live in the projects, but can do so if he/she chooses. A person who does not have a lot of money cannot live in an upper class neighborhood beca use their economical status deems them unfit for that neighborhood. Their are very few choices that the lower class has. Just as in the Roman Empire, their is little choice for the lower class. All needs are met as far as shelter, food and water but their is little choice. We all need food, water, shelter and contact with people but it is the way we go about receiving these needs. A creation of a more powerful middle class is needed if we are to survive into the twentieth century. If the gap between the rich and the poor is widening, it is the middle class which is becoming extinct. Middle class came about in the industrial age as a way to bring more choices to working society. Most people live in a middle class society because it is so vast. Over the years there has been a decrease of the middle class. Wages have not kept up with inflation, thus their are less choices. The cost of living has risen dramatically because of the advancement of technology. What people work for has not risen with inflation and this has created a gap. To offset this difference, borrowing is necessary from institutions such as banks and credit unions. When people have exceeded their limit of borrowing from these institutions, which are owned by an upper class society, they are forced into bankruptcy. In turn, they are forced in a lower class society which has limited choices. The gap keeps widening because more and more middle class society is forced into the lower class and in turn out creating more poverty. One solution to help out middle class society is to offer more tax breaks to keep up with inflation. The more a middle class society the world develops, the stronger a society we will have. The less of a middle class we create, the more of a lower class we have, which in turn create conflict. The more people are even footing, the more chance to open communication with one and other. Racism has existed throughout time. It is a negative attitude toward people based solely on their membership in a certain group. Racism exists due to many factors. Usually racism is passed from one generation to the next and tends to become the norm for the way people think and the attitudes they have towards other people. People act this way not because they are prejudiced, but because they are following what they have been taught. People divide groups into us and them. We tend to believe that what we do is the only acceptable and right way. People are very closed minded and always presume that if someone is not the same colour, background or religion, there must be something wrong with them. Therefore they treat them unfairly and this is where racism stems from. People start to believe that everyone from that group is the same and alike. Everything else is ignored and in the end the only thing people see is race, colour and religion. .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .postImageUrl , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:hover , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:visited , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:active { border:0!important; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:active , .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c0ea841e84dd42f42b06ec0147c03df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nature as Reflected in American Literature EssayRacism affects everyone and everything we do. Throughout history, there have been incidents where the colour, race or religion of a certain group has caused tremendous hatred and acts of violence. Two major events being the discrimination of African-Americans by whites in the South of the United States of America and the discrimination of Jews in Germany by the Nazis. These situations had a great impact on the entire world and to this day have left tremendous damage and continued hatred of these groups by certain people. The fact that we, as humans, let these situations take place is a very sad fact of life and therefore we m ust do everything we can do to change these ways of thinking. There are three ways that we can prevent racism from taking place. The first thing being contact between different groups. There must be extensive contact and it must be positive. By continued contact, people will get used to the differences that other people have and therefore will eventually adjust to the diversity. The second thing people must do is cooperate with one another. Working together gives people a common goal that is good for everyone. Working toward this common goal will reduce prejudice and this is because they start to think of themselves as one group and not as two different ones. By doing this , it changes the way one group thinks about the other. The third thing that we must do in order to reduce racism is acquire knowledge and information about the other groups. In order to get along with someone, we must understand and know something about them. Racism exists because we believe everyone from that rac e is the same. However, if we take the time to learn about these peoples lives, we would come to realize that they have feelings and emotions just like everyone else. We as one society have faced many challenges already. Conflict surrounds us everyday. As an informed society, we must learn from other peoples mistakes and make an effort to make better of the situations. There are many challenges that face society, all of which society has created. If we are to become enlightened, we must first ask why we are :enlightened. If we cannot answer the question, than I believe we are just striving to become complete. Society has passed down its challenges from one generation to the next, all of which have not come close to being solved. Maybe if we stop creating new conflicts between us and strive for a common goal we can set aside conflict and become a better society. Bibliography: World Issues Essay Example For Students World Issues Essay World IssuesThere are many important world issues. Among these issues, we have studied the rapid growth of the world, which was the topic of critical importance. The extraordinary rapid increase of the world population constitutes a serious problem in which no citizen of the world can remain indifferent. The public has become increasingly aware of the dramatic rise in the rate of the world population growth during the three centuries of the modern era. There is a tendency on the part of many to see rapid rates on population growth as giving rise to a barrier on a road to progress. We will write a custom essay on World Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This may threaten peace and stability in the world because the population growth may make it impossible to meet in a timely fashion, the reasonable aspirations of hundreds of millions of people in the underdeveloped countries.During the first three centuries of the modern era, from 1690 1990, the world population has multiplied five times, from 1 to more than 4.5 billion. Over this time span the population of Europe increased six times, and of Europe and European occupied areas in the Western Hemisphere and Oceania combined about eight times. The population of North America increased about 160 times and that of Latin America about fourteen times. During the same period, the population of Asia increased by less than 4 times (however, this contrasts with what must have been a much less rapid increase earlier. The absolute increase in Asia however was very large.) In Africa, the population merely doubled. It is clear that greatly accelerated growth occurred first among the nations that first experienced modernization the combination ofrevolutions, including the agricultural revolution, commercial revolution, science revolution, and the technological revolution. Explosive population growth, th!e vital revolution a pace of growth without precedent in long settled areas did not approach nations in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, until after Wold War I and especially after World War II. Rapid growth has been one of the three related population phenomena generating public concern. The two other are the increasing concentration of people on a relatively small portion of the Earths surface a phenomenon of better urbanization and mertopolitanization and growing diversity of the people who share the same geographical area and increasingly, the same economic, social, and political systems. World population growth is entirely the result of natural increase the excess of births over deaths. If mortality declines rapidly and there is a high birth rate in any given country, there will become a heavy child burden that marks the beginning of overpopulation. The reasons for this remarkable change are not entirely clear. One cause was certainly the widespread control and virtual elimination of Malaria and other insect-carried disease. Other causes were widespread use of vaccines and modern drugs in less developed countries. There also has been speculation that human beings have developed more immunity to some microbial diseases that the virulence of some microorganisms has declined. The disadvantages of high birth rate are not generally admitted for two reasons. First there is and ideological prejudice against admitting that a high birth rate can in any way be harmful, and so anti nationalist policy does not generally appeal to politicians. Secondly, there is widespre!ad belief that an ever-greater pool of manpower is a military and economic asset to a nation. It therefore comes as a shock to many people to hear it maintained that one of the demographic factors weakening a nations powers is a birth. No one can maintain that a pre-industrial birth rate is always and in every way disadvantageous. In certain instances, it may be an asset. .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .postImageUrl , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:hover , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:visited , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:active { border:0!important; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:active , .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6 .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9688f11a34d6bc7cea543997a5544a6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzz Essay But an analysis of the effect of birth rates on a nations efficiency will show that in most cases today the advantage lies with a low rather then a high rate. The rapid population growth has economic, social, and political effects. It also interacts with public education, health, and welfare, and the qualities in which people live. Economic Consequences:Rates of population growth in many less developed countries are at least half the rate of economic growth and in some cases equal the latter. Chiefly because of high fertility of these countries, the ratio of children to adults are very high when compared with these ratios in developed countries, and the numbers of these young people reaching the age of labor force participation are rapidly increasing. Both of these factors produce serious economic problems and consequences. Rapid population growth slows the growth of per capita incomes in less developed countries and tends to perpetuate inequalities of income distribution. It holds down the level of savings and capital investment in the means of production, which limits the rate of growth of gross national product. An increase in labor force does not necessarily mean that there is an increase in production. If the ratio of labor to productive capital is already high, as in the case in developing countries, more entrants to t!he labor force may mean more unemployment and underemployment. An even larger amount of workers cannot be absorbed in the modern (industrialized) sector. Theyre forced into unproductive service occupations or back into the traditional (agricultural) sector with its low productivi. . ty and bear subsistence wage levels. Large supplies of cheap labor tend to hold back technological change, and industrialization is slowed by mass poverty, which reduces the demand from manufactured goods. For example, in India it is estimated that eight million new jobs were created from 1956 1961, but the working population increased by ten million in the same period. Low savings rates and low labor skills inhibit the full development and utilization of natural resources in some countries, while in others the growing populations out run the levels at which the renewable resources can be sustained, and the resource base deteriorates. Widespread poverty, the low productivity of labor, the growing d!emands for food, and the slow industrialization degrades and hurts the international trade of the less developed countries. Writing in the eighteenth century England, Malthus saw famine, war and pestilence as the inevitable deterrents to excessive population growth. Today, once more there is a grave question whether continued growth of world population will not out run our food supply. Long-term projections of food supplies are unreliable. We can only roughly estimate the current rate of growth of agricultural output. India with more than 450 million people will have more than 150 million more people in the next 15 years. Thus, in the next 15 years India will have to find a way of feeding an increase in population about equivalent to the present population of the United States. It is entirely possible for India and most of the countries in the world to grow or to import enough food at least to keep the people from starving in the next few decades. Nevertheless, this would require a revolution in traditional agricultural technological, as well as arrangements of land tenure, credit, marketing, and !transportation. The future of the worlds supply of raw materials other than food is also difficult to visualize, but the situation is far from hopeless. The worlds entire stock of fossil fuels maybe depleted in 150 years, but alternate energy sources, produced by atomic fission, possibly atomic fusion, and even by the sun would probably mean that there would be sufficient energy for the worlds use in the future. The whole of the oceans and at least the top ten kilometers of the Earths crust would be available to provide a wide choice of building materials. .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .postImageUrl , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:hover , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:visited , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:active { border:0!important; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:active , .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17eb2d7fffedfd0de3e0ed789c99cd5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atlanta Reconstruction Essay The process of economic development has historically involved the movement of people form the countryside to the cities in response to the opportunities to gain industrial employment. (Urbanization) From 45 % to 90 % of the population of the poor countries lives in rural areas, but the rate of growth of cities in these countries exceeds their overall rate of population growth. Large-scale urban migration takes place in the developing countries; much of the mass movement to the cities is not inspired by the call of employment, but by the hope that government relief will be available there. Nowhere is the consumption of water, air, and soil as hi gh and nowhere is the environment as heavily burdened with waste and sewage as in the cities. The parts of these cities that will increase most rapidly will be the already huge impoverished areas the favelas and slums. The number of urban poor in developing countries is suspected to grow form 330 million in 1990 to about 1 billion. Social Effects:Large-scale internal migration and rapid urbanization are among the most important social effects of rapid population growth. Social mobility is thwarted by continuing widespread poverty. Only a fraction of the growing population can be absorbed into the modern sector, because of this the numbers of people in the traditional sector rapidly increase and the gap between the two continually widen. Of the two nations one is relatively well off and the other is backwards and poor, exists side by side in the same nation. The consequences of rapid population growth for the family depend heavily upon the associated changes that may be occurring in the society and economy. For example, the arithmetic of child dependency will very much be changed if society were to prescribe child education and proscribe child labor. Both developments would institutionalize the rights of individuals, specifically the new generation, over the claims of family obligations. Occupational opportunities ou!tside the family farms will be another blow to the parent child relationship. Such changes would bring into question the pattern of traditional obligations of families to parents and place particular strain on the central parental generation. Which feel bound by the traditional demand of the parents without any compensating claims on the children. The new demographic situation of mortality decline and rapid growth may represent problems within a family. From one standpoint this idea may be viewed as a grave consequence of population growth; from another standpoint it may be regarded as a necessary step in transforming the social structure to make the new equilibrium one of the low fertility and mortality. Political Problem:Political and social conflicts among different ethnic, linguisitc, religious, and social groups are greatly worsened by rapid population growth. Political stresses are increased by the rural urban migration which is partially caused by this growth, and increasing demands for governemnt services.

The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essays

The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essays The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Synth Pop is a genre that uses synthesizers to recreate the sounds of real audio instruments without actually having the instrument there; or in some cases do not even try to sound natural but as computerized as possible. Synthesizers were first used in the 1960s by rock bands and in the late 1970s by punk bands. Also in the late 1970s going into the early 1980s, synth only bands began to come out and created a whole new style, genre and generation of music. In the 1960s when synthesizers first began to be used, they were used to recreate audio instruments and were not used as a new style of music in its entirety but instead as an addition to what music was already around at the time. At this time it was used by bands such as The Doors and The Beatles, who used a synthesizer in their song that reached the top of the charts Strawberry Fields Forever. At this time synthesizers were very new, very large and very expensive; this meant that it was rarely used because of its price and was very hard to transport because of its size. This showed the 60s as not being a time that was ready for synthesizers to dominate the music scene. Synth Pop is a genre that is securely defined, with its electronic sounds produced by synthesizers it gives off a recognizable sound. Originally made to replace instruments, but later turned into its own unique timbres that showed no natural elements at all. Music from a synthesizer gets its input from a MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) keyboard. Synth Pop when first developed as an individual genre sampled simplistic melodies that gave synth its catchy sound, but it still contained the typical song structure that was seen at the time with: Intro, Verse, Chorus, Re-Intro, Verse, Chorus, Instrumental, Chorus. Synth tracks tend to be primarily in diatonic keys, which is use of major and minor chords. They usually have four beats per bar in the songs and are typically upbeat with tempos ranging from 117 and 135 bpm (beats per minute). The synth timbres are sculpted using subtractive and additive synthesis involving complex combinations sine, saw, triangle and square waves, with the additional specific alteration of sound envelopes (ADSR). Some typical features in synth songs are drum machines, arpeggiated synth lines, use of auto-tune/vocoder, handclaps for snares. synth bass lines, syncopated kick drums, use of reverb, songs maintaing the same velocity levels throughout and songs that were lyrically centered around love, but did occasionally have darker meanings to them. The genre came about at a time of great modernization, especially in Britain. As old victorian infrastructures were knocked down and replaced with new modern buildings and cities were developed, music was also modernizing itself, the synth pop era came about. Although it did not come out of no where, synth pop was inspired by the earlier generation of music, punk. The soon to become synthesist musicians looked at the punk rock genre and appreciated the rebellious attitude that it carried with it, but however, saw the actual punk music as being old fashioned and with the increasing popularity and availability of synthesizers, decided to create a new genre of music changing all of music current conventions. The sound of the synthesizer was now seen as the sound of the future, it was something different that people had never heard before, purely electronically generated music, and this sense of unfamiliarity that people had with the music is what made it attract to its audience. Music was now going from classic rock with guitar solos, to performances with nothing more than synthesizers and drum machines up on stage with no natural instruments in site. So as a genre synth pop started in the 70s and blossomed in the 80s. The first electronic sounds heard came from the Clockwork Orange Soundtrack, this soundtrack instigated a whole new generation of synthesists. The German band Kraftwerk was one of the first groups to popularize synth music, especially in the UK. The kick-started a whole new style and were the people who broke away from the 80s style of long hair and flared trousers. They came over to England performing in suits and with short hair, which was of course looked on skeptically, but was also seen as a breath of fresh air, breaking away from the current punk rock conformities that pretty much ruled the nation. A more nerdy form of rebellion that proved to inspire much music after its time and have lasting affect across all types of genres. Other artists as well as Kraftwerk that had major influences on the genre and music in general at this time were musicians such as: Giorgio Moroder, who teamed up with Donna Summer to release single I feel love in 1977, this was primarily a disco song but again kick-started the electronic sound that people became so fond of; The Human League from Sheffield who debuted with single Being Boiled in 1978 and also Gary Numan, who actually inspired Kraftwerk. Artists such as: Pet Shop Boys, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Aha and Goldfrapp also followed in the 1980s. In the 1980s Synth Pop took over the music scene, but was seen to die out in the nineties and going into the 21st century, although not dying out completely. Although the genre decreasing in popularity in later years, it didnt effect the influence that the genre had carried with it in its time. It had added aspects to music that now affect the majority if not all types of music and has shaped other genres to form. As time went on from the 60s, 70s and 80s synthesizers became much cheaper, smaller and more widely used; eventually resulting with the extinguishing of the need for a synthesizer all together. Nowadays all you need is the right software and a MIDI keyboard and you can still program in any sounds that you like, with software such as: Cubase, Logic, Ableton and Reason. Since the genres decreasing in popularity it has largely affected other genres that came after synth pop, such as: RB, Hip Hop, Dance and modern day pop; all of these genres use aspects of synth sounds in their music. Synth music is still around, but in most cases has taken a different direction to what it was back in the 1980s with artists such as: Owl City, Ambient Blue, Imogen Heap, Frou Frou and La Roux. These artists still carry the majority of the traits left by 80s synth pop but have made themselves relevant to todays audience; synth pop has had a profound effect on the music we listen to today and it always will do as music progresses over time.

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs 35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs 35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs By Mark Nichol In English, many verbs adapt simply to the past tense with the attachment of either -d or -ed, as in walk/walked or brake/braked. These are called regular verbs. Many other verbs, however, undergo more significant alterations to transform from references to present-tense actions to those representing actions performed in the past. Such words are called irregular verbs. The simple past, the tense form that describes what has previously occurred, is fairly straightforward once one assimilates the forms for each irregular verb. But complications set in when the past participle a verb assisted by an auxiliary verb, or a past-tense form of the verb to be is employed. Some past-participle forms are easily distinguished from their simple-past counterparts, as in the case of ate/eaten, for example, or saw/seen (â€Å"I ate already†/â€Å"I had eaten already†; â€Å"We saw the movie†/â€Å"We had seen the movie†). Others, however, often literally give writers pause. Many of them are presented below in sample sentences with simple-past usage for comparison: 1. â€Å"A problem arose.† â€Å"A problem had arisen.† 2. â€Å"They beat the odds.† â€Å"They had beaten the odds.† 3. â€Å"She bore it well.† â€Å"She had borne it well.† 4. â€Å"He broke the record.† â€Å"He had broken the record.† 5. â€Å"My friend drank three beers already.† â€Å"My friend had drunk three beers already.† 6. â€Å"You forsook us.† â€Å"You had forsaken us.† 7. â€Å"The boy hid the ball.† â€Å"The boy had hidden the ball.† 8. â€Å"I lay on the floor for a moment.† â€Å"I had lain on the floor for a moment.† 9. â€Å"We rode far.† â€Å"We had ridden far.† 10. â€Å"The phone rang.† â€Å"The phone had rung.† 11. â€Å"She rose to the occasion.† â€Å"She had risen to the occasion.† 12. â€Å"She sang.† â€Å"She had sung.† 13. â€Å"He shook it loose.† â€Å"He had shaken it loose.† 14. â€Å"The shirt shrank when I dried it.† â€Å"The shirt had shrunk when I dried it.† 15. â€Å"We strode along merrily the entire way.† â€Å"We had stridden along merrily the entire way.† 16. â€Å"The team strove to come back from behind.† â€Å"The team had striven to come back from behind.† 17. â€Å"I swore that I had not taken it.† â€Å"I had sworn that I had not taken it.† 18. â€Å"They swam to the other end and back.† â€Å"They had swum to the other end and back.† 19. â€Å"He took her back home.† â€Å"He had taken her back home.† 20. â€Å"My sister tore the paper up.† â€Å"My sister had torn the paper up.† Hanged and Hung The past-participle form of hang is a special case. When referring to an object, hung is employed for both simple past and past participle: 21. â€Å"They hung the stockings with great care.† â€Å"They had hung the stockings with great care.† In reference to execution by hanging, however, hanged is often (but not always) used in both forms: â€Å"The horse thief was summarily hanged.† â€Å"The horse thief had been summarily hanged.† Hung in the latter sense is more likely to appear in a more casual context, as in a jocular usage or when referring to hanging in effigy: â€Å"I’ll be hung by my feet over an open fire if I don’t finish this in time.† Choices Many other verbs offer writers alternative forms for past tense, past-participle tense, or both: 22. â€Å"I awaked (or awoke or awakened) to a deafening hum.† â€Å"I had awoken (or awaked or awakened) to a deafening hum.† 23. â€Å"She forgot to call back.† â€Å"She had forgotten (or forgot) to call back.† 24. â€Å"The swimmer quickly dove (or dived) into the pool.† â€Å"The swimmer had quickly dived into the pool.† 25. â€Å"I got nothing in return.† â€Å"I had gotten (or got) nothing in return.† 26. â€Å"She lighted (or lit) another cigarette.† â€Å"She had lit (or lighted) another cigarette.† 27. â€Å"He proved that I was right.† â€Å"He had proven (or proved) me right.† 28. â€Å"The boat sank.† â€Å"The boat had sunk (or sank).† 29. â€Å"She showed him the door.† â€Å"She had shown (or showed) him the door.† 30. â€Å"The medallion shined (or shone) in the sunlight.† â€Å"The medallion had shone (or shined) in the sunlight.† 31. â€Å"I sneaked (or snuck) out last night.† â€Å"I had snuck (or sneaked) out last night.† 32. â€Å"The tiger sprang (or sprung) noiselessly.† â€Å"The tiger had sprung noiselessly.† 33. â€Å"The car’s interior stank (or stunk) of stale fast food.† â€Å"The car’s interior had stunk of stale fast food.† 34. â€Å"My dog waked (or woke) me up.† â€Å"My dog had woken (or waked) me up.† 35. â€Å"My aunt weaved (or wove) the scarf.† â€Å"My aunt had woven (or weaved) the scarf.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsWhat's a Male Mistress?Sit vs. Set

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for Essay

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for judicial review in the British constitution - Essay Example Accordingly, the preservation of separation of powers is essential as a check on autocratic power. As such, the doctrine of ultra vires is theoretically vital in serving as a testament to the independence of the judiciary in its role under the fundamental constitutional separation of powers in ensuring that public bodies, such as government departments, local authorities, tribunals, agencies have not acted ultra vires5. Moreover, the ultra vires doctrine is cited as the first principle of natural justice and the rule of law that public bodies are required to act within the scope of the powers allocated to them by Parliament6. The incorporation of the European Convention of the Human Rights (implemented through the Human Rights Act 1998) further requires judicial review to ensure that public authorities do not â€Å"act in a way which is incompatible with a convention right7†. Indeed, Doctor Yardley asserts that judicial review is â€Å"the ultimate safeguard for the ordinary citizen against unlawful action by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.the more powerful administration8†. Alternatively it has been argued that the ultra vires doctrine is inherently limited by enabling a process by which courts scrutinise and consider the validity of the manner in which public authorities have made a decision9. The essence of judicial review is to ensure that public authorities act appropriately in exercising their duty10 regardless of the merits of the decision, which in itself begs the question as to the efficacy of the judiciary’s role under the separation of powers to truly act as a curb on the legitimacy of abuses of power by the executive11. This is further compounded by the fact that the judiciary has evolved and expanded the parameters of the ultra vires doctrine on an ad hoc basis in order to circumvent the inherent limitations of judicial review12.

Research Method Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research Method - Dissertation Example How strong can this sense of community be? 4. What kinds of cultural identity have been formed in this virtual community? Research Method Ethnographic interview.Analysis of the interviews occurred in four stages. In the first stage, the transcripts are analyzed for concepts and themes. The comments and themes are in the transcript margins. This is the first stage. In the second stage, there was an analysis of expert files, which refers to pertinent experts which are from each interview related to each theme, and this refined the themes. These expert files, which are thematically related, were refined further. The theoretical framework of the study is linked to the thee in the fourth stage In the interviews, the interviewee explains his or her version of reality, while constructing this reality. In this way, the interviews are a kind of â€Å"interpersonal drama.† The researcher must stand back, and not direct the interview, because to insert oneself into the interview would in sert the researcher’s agenda into the issue, and the researcher might interpret the themes accordingly. There are alternate interpretations of the interview responses, and the interview should proceed in a manner which encourages this. Because respondents should answer in a way that develops his or her own perspective, the interviews should be unstructured. Nonetheless, the interviews are semi-structured, because this study has an exploratory nature. To develop the research interests of the study, open-ended questions were asked. These open-ended questions were not a strict questionnaire, however. Rather, they were simply used to tease out the key topics, and served as a reminder not to miss these topics. In the beginning of the interviews, the interviewees were given a general idea of what the focus would be. That said, the interviewees were encouraged to direct the conversation’s flow, and I would intervene only when I wanted to more about the issue. The only other t ime that I intervened was when the topic of conversation had gotten too far off of the focus of the interview. The questions were open-ended as much as possible. As the interview reached its’ close, I double-checked the question list to make sure that there was nothing important missing from the interview, and, if this was the case, I probed the interviewee further. Throughout my data collection period, I constantly added new questions to incorporate issues brought up in previous interviews. Recruitment of respondents.Ten people were recruited from the users of internet. I did not attempt to cover all ethnic groups, whichis beyond the scope of the project. Instead, I chose a particular group of people as the target of my study. To achieve the best results, they met the following two requirements: 1. They still maintain their distinctive cultural identities as ethnic people, surrounded in the sea of host countries’ mainstream culture. 2. They are not much affected by th e traditional community ethnic media, yet they are actively using the new media. That way, the influence of the computer media can be best measured. Specifically, Each participant recruited were an expert practitioner of his/her mass mediated world, knowledgeable in the most detailed and intimate ways of how it shapes their identities, which provides entry points to their complex culture condition of living on ‘borderlands’ and to their ongoing process of identity negotiation.

Filipinos as Consumers Essay Example for Free

Filipinos as Consumers Essay Philippines is considered as one of the countries with the lowest economic status, thus most Filipinos earned low or insufficient income to sustain their needs or wants. The insufficiency of their income made them to become wiser when purchasing the products. Some preferred to choose products with affordable prices while others stick to their loyalty to a specific brand. Practically, the Filipinos also prioritize their basic necessities than purchasing other unimportant products and they also look for more affordable alternatives. For example, if the price of rice increased and a certain Filipino citizen cannot afford to purchase it, he will switch to the best alternative which was corn. Sales and discounts have huge roles on how the Filipino consumers purchase. Based on my observations, Filipinos were attracted to â€Å"big discounts and sales† because they believe that they could spend less. There are some that they marked the date of their most awaited sale of their favourite products on malls or stores. Some grabbed the opportunity to purchase the products in their lowest prices though they do not badly need the said products. In my personal experience, I am easily attracted to the products with yellow price tag which signifies discounted prices. But I realized that during regular days, the price were the same on the yellow price tags. This simply shows how influential yellow price tags are and how Filipinos were attracted to discounts and sales. Brand names were one of the concerns also of the Filipinos. Though the prices increase on the products of a specific brand, loyal customers will prefer to purchase it. They were not only purchasing the product alone but also their experience from that product or brand. Nowadays, many stores in our country offer and sell products that were imitated from the original brands. These imitations were very affordable but their durability were not trustworthy. The product might be easily broken and the money that you have spent will be wasted. When a consumer bought a fake Nokia cellular phone, a tendency that it will not function very well and it might contain hazardous parts. I prefer to purchase products from a well-known and trusted store because of the assured durability of the product and they offer customer service. Products with good and large packaging invite more consumers to purchase. As a consumer, good packaging has a great impact on me because those products will be noticed easily. Large packaging may give a thought to the consumers that it has greater amount and lesser in price compared to the other products. Smaller packaged products and sachets were patronized also by the Filipinos. To most Filipinos, the small amount of money they spent on shopping, the better. I can relate this situation on my personal experience. My mother always buys shamp oos in sachet because according to her that it would be more practical to buy in sachets. Instead of buying a shampoo in a 90 mL container, the price was lesser and it has wide availability on sari-sari stores. Amount of money was an important factor when the Filipinos shop. It was very common to the Filipinos that we plan ahead or make a list of the possible items to be purchased. They also made some estimation of the possible prices of the listed items. This was one of the ways on how the Filipinos budget their own money. Nowadays, most consumers preferred the local brands because of its cheaper prices. Such as Happee toothpaste, C2 tea, Human Nature products, Champion Laundry detergent, MyPhone cellular phone and many more. According to current reports from ACNielson, the number one concern of the Filipino consumers was for â€Å"health, wellness, and youthfulness†. Filipinos are worried to acquire diseases because of the expensive medicines or treatments that they would spend. Filipinos cared on how they appear physically and give importance on time, the reason for the increase on the consumption of cosmetics, health and convenience products. When it comes to food products, some Filipino consumers checked the â€Å"nutrition facts† that were placed at the packaging of a certain product. Those Filipino consumers were usually the mothers who were very much concern and secure the health of its own family. When it comes to junk foods, I chose the chips with the â€Å"Sangkap Pinoy Seal† because of the assurance that it contains vitamins and nutrients. Children usually hate the â€Å"healthy foods† and would like to eat more sweets and chips. Their mothers were having a hard time on how to feed healthy and nutritious food to them. But the markets today offered products that the children will surely like its tastes and at the sam e time gives them the right nutrition. Advertisements were very influential to the Filipino consumers. Televisions, mobile phones, newspapers, and radios were the mediums used for advertisements. I have noticed in some advertisements that they used one of the powerful or effective people in the country to attract more consumers. Famous actors and actresses, successful people and politicians were usually the common endorsers of their products. With the help of the product endorsers, a great possibility that the sales of the product will increase and will be well-known in the industry. Consumers from different regions may vary because of the influence of their culture and tradition. There are some that prefer to spend less and save more. Others were known to be â€Å"great spender† because their region was composed of wealthy people. Poor Filipinos prefer to stick on whatever available food or thing that they can afford with their small amount of money. Though majority of the status of the Filipinos have not improved, but recent studies showed that Filipino consumers exhibit wiser purchasing habits. This simply implies that most Filipinos today are becoming wiser consumers.

Target Markets for Different Companies Essay -- Corn Flakes, Disney Wo

Identify possible target markets for the following products: A. Kellogg’s Corn Flakes C. Disney World B. Wilsons Tennis Rackets D. Diet Pepsi A. Kellogg’s Corn Flakes: When I think about Kellogg’s target market for their classic corn flakes to me the marketing is simple. A wholesome product for your family, a breakfast staple for many homes for many years. In recent years Kellogg has marketed corn flakes to the average American family of 4 or more with middle and upper middle class income, and a busy lifestyle. A big opportunity for them has been the fact that this generation of US consumers are concerned more than ever about healthy food, we also have very hectic lives. So touting corn flakes as a healthy breakfast that is quick is a perfect way to appeal to a variety of families. In 2012 they launched a campaign geared towards reminding consumers about the simplicity of the ingredients in their oldest brands, one of them corn flakes with only 4 ingredients. Jogging the memories of consumers that they have always been a healthy, easy delicious choice for breakfast. Reiterating that this is not a new concept for Kellogg’s, but one th ey have been valuing for 100 years. Communicating to families that they know the modern family has a busy life and not much time for a healthy breakfast, corn flakes satisfies that need. The colors they use on their corn flakes box even accentuate this idea. The three colors green, red and yellow all represent different things to consumers. Green represents the environment, nature and organics. Red indicates energy, and a sense of urgency. Lastly, yellow signifies sunshine energy and happiness (Coffin, 2011). They also subtly target children with these three bright colors in a simple almos... ... a cola option that is â€Å"guilt free†. They also push the fact that it tastes the same as regular Pepsi telling them they don’t have to sacrifice taste for lower calories like most diet products. The target women is in her 20’s and 30’s single, dating age so she watches her weight. Diet Pepsi is a great option for her at the bar as well. She is middle class to upper middle class in a city, and she has no children. She dates a lot and is outgoing, she drinks and eats diet products because like all women her age she wants to look good and dreads going up a pants size. â€Æ' Works Cited AECOM. (2013). Theme Park Attendance Report for 2012. Wikipedia. Coffin, D. (2011, November 14). Color Psychology and Online Marketing. Retrieved from www.practicalecommmerce.com: http://www.practicalecommerce.com/articles/3166-Color-Psychology-and-Online-Marketing

Context of Paradise Lost by John Milton Essay

Poet and political activist John Milton after a period of radical political revolution, religious turmoil, and his near execution; published the twelve book edition of Paradise Lost, a poem describing the biblical text of Genesis filled with hidden political meaning. Paradise Lost enraged those who supported the restoration of Charles II, was praised by seekers of religious toleration, and attacked by the Anglican Church. Critics denounced Paradise Lost for its construction, subject, and political meaning. England in the seventeenth century was a land of political instability and religious persecution. Dissention among the British people began during the reign of the Stuart, Charles I (1629-1640). Charles I along with kings in France, Spain, and Germany created absolute monarchies (Cheyney 419). Charles I in 1629 dissolved Parliament, and ruled 11 years without Parliament. Charles I was a member of the Anglican Church, and didn’t sympathize with various sects of Christianity that were persecuted by Anglicans (Cheyney 419). These sects included Puritans, Quakers, Scottish Presbyterians, and Catholics. In response to Charles’ religious intoleration Scottish Presbyterians threatened the English border, Irish Catholics rebelled, and Oliver Cromwell’s Calvary attacked the Royalist army. Cromwell and the Scotch defeated the Royalists at Marstoon Moor on July 2, 1644 (Cheyney 434-444). Parliament took control of the new English Commonwealth in 1649, resulting in the beheading of Charles I (Halliday 118). The English Commonwealth however was short lived. In 1653 Oliver Cromwell, took control of the Commonwealth. Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament (Parliament that took over after Charles I), taxed Royalists, imprisoned mutineers, crushed Irish rebels, routed Scottish rebels at Dunbar and Worcester, secured colonies in the Caribbean such as Jamaica, and defeated the Dutch regaining British naval superiority (Halliday 120-122). Cromwell died in 1658 leaving the control of England to rival generals. During Cromwell’s military rule however, religious toleration was achieved. In 1660 the Stuart’s reign was restored, as Charles II assumed control (Cheyney 513). Milton during the time of revolution against Charles I was an independent. Independents were a political party formed during mid seventeenth century.  Independents were proponents of religious toleration and did not believe in rule under a state religion Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal, or Papist (Cheyney 448). Milton was proponent of religious toleration, an opponent of tyranny, and a believer in man’s free will. Milton disagreed with the Calvinist theory of Predestination and believed that man should be free to will and will the good (Faggen 269-270). Milton’s belief of free will also was apparent in his political views. Milton was a republican and believed in a republican government for England. During Cromwell’s reign, Milton served as his Latin Secretary, charged with translating diplomatic correspondence into Latin. In the years before the restoration of Charles II, Milton published a series of political pamphlets urging republicanism and refusing monarchial and despotic governments. These pamphlets included The Aeropagitica, Eikonoklastes, and The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (Faggen 270-271). Milton’s political and religious views are fused into the text of Paradise Lost. One interpretation of Paradise Lost explains the text as a dramatization of the balance between liberty and obedience. Milton demonstrates using the fall of man and the angels as examples of disrupting the balance between freedom and servitude. Satan is the tragic hero of the poem and is considered by many as an allegory for the English Monarch, the Papacy, or extreme individualism. Early in the poem Satan is a revolutionary hero rebelling against a brutal tyrant. Later in the poem, Satan himself becomes a charismatic tyrant (Faggen 279-280). Satan praises rebellion and complete sovereignty meanwhile undermining the idea of servitude. Satan states, †¦Here at least We shall be free: th’ Almighty hath not built Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: Here we may reign secure, and in my choice To reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav’n. (Book I: 258-263) Satan’s choice to rebel contradicts Calvin’s theory of Predestination. Milton’s exploration of original sin also transforms into an exploration of choice. God, according to Milton’s explanation has given free will to man and the angels (Faggen 281). God does punish the dissenting angels. God is portrayed as a monarch, so how could God create choice and freedom as a monarch? Milton has God explain, I formed them free, and free they must remain, Till they enthrall themselves: I else must change Their nature, and revoke the high Decree Unchangeable, Eternal, which ordained Their freedom; they themselves ordained their fall. (Book III: 124-128) Both Milton’s critics and Satan are troubled by the futility of a God’s rule over man and/or angels that are free to chose their own fate. Milton’s God explains in Book III that the abiding principle of his justice is freedom, and without freedom servitude would be meaningless. In other words, service to God is working for your own freedom. Milton explains also later in the poem, after the fall of the angels that God created the Earth and man to repopulate heaven. Man’s job was to serve God without ambition, to gain freedom in heaven (Faggen 281). Paradise Lost can also be examined with respect to the larger social context of Post Interregnum/Restoration England. Satan is combined extensively with anti-papist images, suggesting a strong anti-Catholic sentiment throughout the poem. Taking a Royalist position, Satan can also be considered as an allegory for Oliver Cromwell. Royalists supported both Charles’ and were  firm believers in the Divine Right of Monarchs. Royalists believed that God himself put leaders into power and that both Charles’ were Divinely guided. Only an act of Satan (Cromwell) would rebel against God. This battle between God (Charles’) and Satan (Cromwell) is similar to the rebellion in heaven (Achinstein 404). Milton however may have used this moderately obvious allegory to conceal a more meaningful sub-allegory. One interpretation suggests that Satan and the angels are a metaphor for Cromwell and the revolution. In Paradise Lost, Milton never assumes the presence of evil in the absence of good. Satan has rebelled against a tyrant, God who has total control over heaven. Satan rebels due to hatred of tyranny not hatred of God. Satan’s theoretical rebellion is justified according to Milton’s republican views. The actual act of the rebellion however, begins a war in heaven that is intensely violent. After gaining leadership in Hell, Satan himself becomes a tyrant, similar to Cromwell dissolving the Rump Parliament (Achinstein 405). Milton damn’s Satan’s tyranny not because it is Satan’s, because it is tyranny. Milton believes that tyranny over the individual conscience is the sin that Satan commits. Satan forces conformity and conformity is sin. Milton seems to suggest that the politics in England during Charles I reign was same as heavenly politics, and Cromwell’s reign is the same as Satan’s. He parallels man to the angel, in that Cromwell and the rebellion was rebelling for the right cause, however was not ready morally to deal with the power. Similar to Satan, Cromwell and the rebellion’s sin was ambition and tyranny over republicanism and self-government (Achinstein 405-407). Due to Milton’s involvement of Cromwell’s Regime (1653-1658), Milton’s books and political pamphlets were burned after the restoration of Charles II. Milton narrowly escaped death after being condemned in 1660 for â€Å"treasons and offenses† by the king (Achinstein 320). After the publication of the twelve-book edition of Paradise Lost in 1674, Milton again found himself in political trouble. Royalists attacked the poem for its hidden political meaning, and the Anglican Church attacked it for its religious brazenness. Milton had chosen a daring topic, and had taken enormous ideological liberties. Milton had not damned Satan as evil, and had called God a tyrant  (Achinstein 325). Assuming that Satan was an allegory for King Charles I, Royalists called for Milton’s execution. John Dryden, in The State of Innocence (1673-1674) rejects Milton’s adaptation due to â€Å"self stylized liberty.† However, Andrew Marvell, in a prefatory poem defended Milton’s Paradise Lost. Using rhyme, Marvell defended Milton’s choice to use blank verse instead of rhyme. Blank verse was associated with political allegory, synonymous with religious dissention. Marvell keeps the defense at a literary form, in an attempt to hide a hidden political meaning in Paradise Lost. Dryden also chastised Milton for using individual inspiration. Dryden says inspiration is represented by â€Å"prophetic utterances were dangerous misapplications of individual intention† (Achinstein 326). Marvell claims that the solution to Dryden’s problem with inspiration is up to the judgement of the reader. Marvell states that Milton may be â€Å"inspired† however the reader must judge if the â€Å"inspiration† is â€Å"false† (Achinstein 327). In Paradise Lost, John Milton parallels the Satan’s rebellion and fall from heaven with the period of revolution in England after the reign of Charles I. Using the biblical text of Genesis Milton explores republican ideals of conscience and self-government, the balance between servitude and freedom, and the problems of ambition and pride. Milton also analyzes what went wrong with the revolution lead by Oliver Cromwell in 1649.